The only candidate who scored a near-win at Ames who really
bombed at the Iowa caucuses was Phil Gramm. Gramm, as you noted,
tied for first with Bob Dole in the straw poll, which reflected his
success at fundraising and organization.
But Gramm participated in the Louisiana caucuses, which came
before Iowa and thus angered many Iowans. Even worse, he lost those
Bayou State caucuses to Pat Buchanan. Finally, he didn't have PJB's
level of support among Iowa's Christian conservatives. So Gramm did
not get a ticket out of Iowa to the New Hampshire primary. Buchanan
of course won the Granite State primary and would have won Iowa too
if Alan Keyes had not been on the ballot.
George H.W. Bush won the straw poll and the caucuses during the
1980 cycle. Pat Roberston won the straw poll and came in second in
the caucuses, beating out then Vice President Bush, in the '88
cycle.