The Vatican excommunicated four bishops recently ordained by the
Chinese "Church." Really, it's an underutilized tool.
But the background is even more interesting: the Vatican's upset
with China because they had agreed in low-key discussions that
China would only recognize Vatican-authorized bishops. That
understanding would have been a key step toward reestablishing
diplomatic relations.
And China broke the agreement within days. I know the Vatican
must walk a narrow line here between tough love and gaining access
to minister to its flock. But that's what happen when you rely on
the word of despots.