Books about the history of Harlem have long fascinated me — my
favorite being When Harlem Was in Vogue by David Levering
Lewis. However, a more recent book, titled simply Harlem
by Jonathan Gill, presents a more comprehensive history — going
all the way back to the time when the Dutch were the first settlers
of New York, and named that area for the city of Haarlem in the
Netherlands.
Most of us today think of Harlem as a black community, but it
was not that for most of its 400-year history. John James Audubon,
famed for his studies of birds, was among the many people who at
various times organized efforts to keep blacks from moving into
Harlem — efforts that, in the long run, met with what might be
called very limited success.
Among the many well-known people who were not black who were
born in Harlem were Groucho Marx, Milton Berle, Arthur Miller and
Bennett Cerf.
Like other communities, Harlem held many very different kinds of
people at the same time, both before and after it became
predominantly black.
There was an Italian community in East Harlem, but it was not
just an undifferentiated Italian community. People from Genoa lived
clustered together, as did people from Naples, Sicily, and other
parts of Italy. Jews from Germany lived separately from Jews who
originated in Eastern Europe, who in turn lived in separate
enclaves of people from different parts of Eastern Europe.
Harlem had the highest crime rate in New York before blacks
moved there, and a photograph in this book, taken a hundred years
ago, showed the worst housing conditions I have ever seen in
Harlem. In some of the poorer Italian neighborhoods in East Harlem,
people went barefoot in the summer and lived on one meal a day,
consisting of thin soup.
There were also more upscale areas of Harlem, and different
classes of people sorted themselves out, both when Harlem was white
and after it became black. During the early era of black Harlem, as
author Jonathan Gill notes: “Observant subway riders could see the
porters and domestics get off at West 125th Street, the clerks and
secretaries depart at West 135th Street, and the doctors and
lawyers leave at West 145th Street.”
By the time I was growing up on West 145th Street in the 1940s,
its inhabitants were by no means limited to doctors and lawyers, or
even clerks and secretaries. But the pattern of internal
self-sorting continued. With the later breakdown of racial barriers
in housing, many of the black middle class and those aspiring to be
middle class moved completely out of ghettoes like Harlem. It
became a much worse place, for that and other reasons.
Complaints that the old neighborhood is going downhill have been
made by people of all races. Even though that may be true, it can
be misleading when the people who lived in those neighborhoods have
moved up economically, and now have more upscale housing in more
genteel neighborhoods. Meanwhile, the newcomers in their old
neighborhoods may likewise be living in better housing than they
had before. People moving up often means neighborhoods moving
down.
Nevertheless, it is painful for me to realize that youngsters
growing up in the same places in Harlem where I grew up more than
60 years ago have far less chance of rising economically,
educationally or otherwise.
Harlem youngsters today undoubtedly have more material things
than I had in my day. I was 23 years old, and living in Washington,
before I had a television set, given to me by my sister when she
bought a new television set for herself.
But what I got growing up in Harlem was an education that
equipped me to go on to leading colleges and universities, long
before there was affirmative action. That is what youngsters
growing up in Harlem today are very unlikely to get — and
affirmative action in college admissions is no substitute, if you
come in unequipped to make the opportunity pay off.
People didn’t live in fear of drive-by shootings, in the Harlem
of my day, if only because we had nothing to drive by in. Old
photographs of Harlem show ample parking space on the streets. It
was not an idyllic community, by any stretch of the imagination,
but it had values that mattered in our daily lives, and common
decency was in fact common. No material things can substitute for
that.
