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A New Identity for Middle East Christians

By on 7.18.12 @ 6:07AM

A growing separation from the Arab world in hostile circumstances.

The 20th century was a time in the Middle East when nominally secular dictators espousing notions of pan-Arabism — the ideology of uniting the “Arab World” and downplaying or crushing the different cultural aspects of the region’s innumerable sectarian groups — reigned supreme.

However, as we continue past the first decade of the 21st century, the regional picture is changing. In 2003, the pan-Arabist dictator Saddam Hussein was deposed in Iraq. In 2005 occupying Syrian forces under another pan-Arabist, Bashar al-Assad, were forced out of Lebanon. Now the Arab Spring is demonstrating the Middle East’s new Islamist future.

Besides the battles involving rifles and sectarian militias, another fight has been an underlying feature of the contemporary Middle East: Identity. This newly exposed battle is especially prevalent among the region’s declining Christian population.

In his enlightening piece on Middle Eastern Christian identity, my friend and colleague Aymenn Jawad al-Tamimi concluded, “[T]he degree of linguistic and cultural Arabization over time has played more of a part in the formulation of identity among Middle Eastern Christians than a simple desire to avoid persecution at the hands of the Muslims majorities.”

While this statement is quite valid in assessing the situation of Middle Eastern Christians, the current conditions of upheaval and increasing vacuum created by pan-Arabism’s failures has created a broad disenchantment with the ideology. With rising sectarianism — especially as some Islamist groups publicly adopted the remnants of Arabism — and a generally less ideologically oppressive atmosphere, there has been a flowering of non-Arab identity among the region’s Christians.

Non-Arab identity for Christians existed long-before the collapse of pan-Arabism. In fact, the “new” Christian identities are hardly new. Many have their present-day roots from the nationalist spurts that spread through Europe and the Middle East in the late 19th century and continued to develop into the 1940s. If anything, they were simply overshadowed by the more dominant Arabism.

Pan-Syrian ideology was innately non-Arab and primarily led by Christians. In 1943, with its Christian majority, Lebanon was founded as a pluralistic state with an “Arab face” but not with an intrinsic Arab identity.

Many Christians of the Levant, commonly referred to as Syriac-Christians (usually due to their use of Syriac-Aramaic as their liturgical language), exhibit some of the most marked revitalizations of separate non-Arab identity.

These Christians include Catholic and Orthodox sects and are some of the oldest Christian churches in existence. The Assyrian Church of the East, Chaldean Catholics, Maronite Catholics, Melkite Catholics and Orthodox, and Syriac Catholics and Orthodox are all considered part of the “Syriac nation.” Syriac Christians also call a wide swath of territory — from northwestern Iran to the shores of the Mediterranean in Lebanon — home.

Syriac Christian identities have a strong yet heavily debated linkage with the past. Assyrian Christians often emphasize historical connections to the Assyrian Empire. The more nascent Chaldean identity looks to the Chaldean Empire (Chaldeanism) for its historical depth. Syriac Catholics and Orthodox, Maronites, and some Melkites often ascribe to Aramean identity (Arameanism). As such, the Aramean peoples who inhabited the ancient Aramean states are seen as their ethnic progenitors.

In many cases these identities have historically, ethnically, and geographically overlap with one another. In turn, this has caused friction between the different identity groups. In an effort to make some of the identities more broadly acceptable, there has been the adoption of more inclusive terms such as: Assyro-Chaldean/Chaldo-Assyrian (by Assyrianists) or the addition of the more unifying “Syriac-” as a prefix to whichever church or ethnic identity is ascribed to.

As Christian self-identity developed over the years, their identity movements also went hand-in-hand with a desire for autonomy. Following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, Assyrians, Chaldeans, and Syriacs in Iraq, Syria, and Turkey lobbied the League of Nations for independence. A few years after the beginning of the Lebanese Civil War (1975-1990), Christians of the country expounded their non-Arab roots. Some concluded the so-called “Christian canton” run by the Lebanese Forces militia (now a political party), should either become independent or maintain autonomy through an eventual federalist framework. By 1979, Iraqi Christians established their own political party, the Assyrian Democratic Movement (Zowaa). The Zowaa fought for an autonomous, if not independent territory in northern Iraq. Today, the party pushes for the autonomy of Nineveh Plains as a safe-zone for Iraq’s Christians.

For many of these Christians self-determination is still desired. “If Israel could be revived why not Aram?” asks David Dag, a Swedish based Aramean activist. Acknowledging that current conditions might not allow for such a state, Dag added, “not today, but maybe in the future, a few decades from now.”

Still, only a decade ago, the basic struggle for identity was almost lost. Hundreds of thousands of Syriac Christians left or fled their homelands and now live in the West. Also, in many of these countries Christian political presence was marginalized.

In Lebanon, the country’s diverse Christian population and history allowed it to become a prime base for non-Arab ideology. This was an immediate threat for Syria, whose regime gained legitimacy from pan-Arab ideology.

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About the Author

Phillip Smyth is a journalist and researcher specializing in Middle Eastern affairs. He travels regularly to the region. You can follow him on Twitter @PhillipSmyth.

Letter to the Editor View all comments (39) |

RCV| 7.18.12 @ 6:18AM

Fascinating analysis. Thanks for the insights, Mr Smyth.

TLP| 7.18.12 @ 4:55PM

I have an idea.

Let's make them AMERICANS.

Stuart Koehl| 7.18.12 @ 5:19PM

A lot of them already are. Most of the so-called "Arabs" in the U.S. are Christians, of whom Maronites are the largest group. Also present are Melkites, Copts, Syrians, Assyrians, Chaldeans, and Antiochian Orthodox. They have been coming here since the 1940s, and are one of the wealthiest, most successful ethnic immigrant groups in the country.

Bob K| 7.18.12 @ 6:27PM

They settled in my area of PA even earlier than that. From around the time of WWI. Mostly they came from the area around Lebanon. We have Syrian Orthodox, Syrian Catholic and Maronite churches within a mile radius of each other. Many of them went into the salvage business and became very successful and wealthy in it. My late father in law was Syrian Orthodox. There are many physicians, lawyers, educators and small business owners in the area who have this heritage. The area is a "melting pot" and most of the grandchildren of these original immigrants have intermarried with the grandchildren of Eastern and Southern European immigrants.

Stuart Koehl| 7.18.12 @ 7:01AM

The secret of Middle Eastern Christians is they are not, and never have been Arabs. Rather, they are the descendants of the original Christian communities that inhabited the area at the time of the Muslim Conquest in the 7th century. Some groups have succeeded better than others in retaining a distinct, non-Arab identity: the Copts of Egypt, for example, are ethnically distinct from Egyptian Arabs, while the Maronites of Lebanon remained distinct not only from the Arabs, but also from most other Christians as a result of their isolation in the Lebanon Mountains.

Prior to the 7th century, there were hardly any Arabs in the Middle East. Roman Arabia, called Nabatea, lay on the east bank of the Jordan and was inhabited largely by Greeks, Phoenicians and Canaanites. Only a few Bedouin wandering around in a corner of Syria were true Arabs.

When the Muslims invaded and took over the Byzantine provinces of Syria and Egypt, they left the Greek governing class in place and generally didn't disturb the indigenous Christian population, which consisted of Greek and Copts in Egypt, and Greeks, Syrians and Phoenicians in Syria-Palestine.

Stuart Koehl| 7.18.12 @ 7:01AM

After the imposition of Sharia, there was a slow but steady trickle of conversions to Islam as Christians sought to escape the civil, economic and social disabilities of dhimmitude. On the other hand, Sharia prohibited conversion from Islam to Christianity, prohibited a Christian man from marrying a Muslim woman, and dictated that the children of a Christian woman married to a Muslim had to be raised as Muslims. Gradually, the majority religion of the area switched from Christianity to Islam, but until the 13th-14th centuries, the majority of those Muslims were themselves not Arabs.

Stuart Koehl| 7.18.12 @ 7:02AM

In the 13th-14th centuries, the Mamluk sultans who ran the area instituted a massive population shift that amounted to an attempt at ethnic cleansing. Considering the indigenous Christians to be a potential fifth column (contrary to propaganda, the native Christians did actively support the Crusaders), they imported thousands of Yemeni fellahin and settled them on the land, displacing the native Christians. Genetic analysis of the Egyptian population, for instance, shows most of the Arabs in Egypt are of Yemeni descent, and most have been there for no more than 600 years.
So, those Christians who remain in the Middle East are there only because they have been marrying endogenously within their respective communities, maintaining their distinct ethnicity for 1500 years.

Stuart Koehl| 7.18.12 @ 7:02AM

And therein lies the problem: in an attempt to assimilate themselves into Arab society, the Christians adopted the Arabic language, Arabic dress and large amounts of Arabic culture--but they are not Arabs. The Arabs know they are not Arabs, and treat them as such. Nothing they do can make them into Arabs. Even if they convert to Islam, they will still have second class status as non-Arabs in Arab countries (Islam is not a great leveler, as the oppression of African Muslims in Darfur by Arabic Muslims from North Sudan shows).

Stuart Koehl| 7.18.12 @ 7:03AM

The Christians signed on to Nasser's conception of secular "Pan-Arabism" big time in the 1960s, but failed to recognize that this ideology had become moribund and was being replaced by Islamism. It caused them to remain loyal to increasingly unpopular and repressive regimes past the point where they could disentangle themselves from being identified with them (see Iraq, Egypt and now, Syria).
In short, the Christians are making the same mistake as the Jews of Germany did in the 19th and early 20th centuries. They believed that they would be accepted if they demonstrated they could be "good Germans". That did not work. The Christians are trying to be "good Arabs". That won't work either.

Stormzeye| 7.18.12 @ 8:19AM

Stuart, thanks so much for your thorough and detailed historical analysis. As an ethnic Assyrian and member of the Syriac Orthodox Church it makes me happy to know that others are aware of our existence, history and rapid disappearance in Mesopotamia as a culturally significant group of people. My father was born in the Euphrates River Valley in a town called Malatya http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malatya as a subject of the Ottoman Empire in 1906 and emigrated to the US in 1920. He never failed to teach us our history, the Aramaic language and our church liturgy and theology. Unfortunately, my children know little of our history in spite of my efforts to interest them so I often feel like "The Last of the Mohicans". Thanks to you for learning and teaching the history.

Stuart Koehl| 7.18.12 @ 11:35AM

The plight of Middle Eastern Christians underlines the necessity of Christian unity in the third millennium. The article tended to downplay doctrinal and confessional differences among Christians in favor of ethnic and linguistic ones, but the fact remains that, even as they are under severe external pressure, the Christian community is still rent with interior divisions.

As a Melkite Greek Catholic, I am keenly aware of this. My Church is headed by Patriarch Gregorios III, whose office is just around the corner in Damascus from that of his Eastern Orthodox counterpart, Patriarch Ignatios of the Antiochian Orthodox Church. But in addition to these two primates, there is also a Syrian Catholic Patriarch of Antioch, a Syrian Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch, and a Maronite Catholic Patriarch of Antioch--each representing a particular fragment of the Christian community in Syria, Lebanon, and Israel. In Egypt, there is a Coptic Pope of Alexandria, a Coptic Catholic Archbishop of Alexandria, and a Greek Orthodox Metropolitan of Alexandria. In Iraq and Iran, you will find the Assyrian Church of the East, and the Chaldean Catholic Church, as well as the Armenian Apostolic Church and the Armenian Catholic Church.

Stuart Koehl| 7.18.12 @ 11:40AM

What divides all of these different Churches are doctrinal disputes about the nature of Christ going back to the fifth century AD. Yet for the most part, their differences are more terminological than substantive--and the signing of various "Agreed Statements" on Christology, between the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches and the Oriental Orthodox Churches, and between the Catholic Church and the Church of the East--underscores their essential agreement. Yet centuries of polemics and externally sustained divisions (the last thing the Arabs and Turks wanted was Christian unity) continue to keep us apart.

There is some reason to hope, however. Most of the Churches in Syria have agreed to pool their resources to build schools, hospitals and even churches in common. Cooperation between some of them, such as the Melkite Greek Catholics and the Antiochian Orthodox, are very close indeed. But more needs to be done. Like the American colonists, the Christians need to realize they must either hang together, or all hang separately.

Stormzeye| 7.18.12 @ 7:04PM

I love your posts. Can I study with you?

Ryan| 7.18.12 @ 8:36AM

And I think that the Church in general may have realized, far too late, that we didn't give them a place to run to when all the strife began. I'm not stating that Saddam, Assad, etc, should have stayed in power...but their regimes were better for Christians than what appears to be coming.

Dai Alanye | 7.18.12 @ 12:03PM

It is necessary to recognize the difference between genetic and linguistic identities. Genetically the peoples of the Near and Middle East are quite mixed, due to millennia of invasions and folk migrations, and incidents of forced relocation (the ten lost tribes, for instance) and importation of slaves.

It's far easier to speak in terms of linguistics than genetics, but also misleading. Prior to the Arab rise in the 700s, most of the Near East spoke Semitic tongues, of which Arabic is merely one. The Persians and Kurds spoke Indo-European languages, and North Africans spoke Hamitic ones. The Arabs conquered many of these lands, and imposed their religion (Islam) but not always their language.

To refer to all these people as "Arabs," as the news media and politicians are prone to do, is highly misleading.

And then there's the matter of cultural identity, more complex yet, which Smyth concentrates on.

RCV| 7.19.12 @ 10:19AM

Great posts, Stuart. Thanks.

Appleby| 7.18.12 @ 7:03AM

Christians were warned by Christ that the day would come when they would have to face martyrdom (the term Martyr comes from a word meaning "witness", by the way) and whether it is Red martyrdom (including death) or White (which is persecution), it would come in a time when it would be necessary to stand fast for what we believe. In the same countries and in the same peoples this challenge was flung down, and today the battle is still being fought. If you can find your Bible, have a read through Genesis, and maybe First and Second Kings and Chronicles. Or if you want a good punchy argument, have a go at the Book of Amos. Climb off your supercilious hobby horse that religion is fairy tales, and read the part that's history. It's happening all around you today.

Stormzeye| 7.18.12 @ 8:33AM

Our Christian brothers and sisters have suffered martyrdom in the Middle East since the rise of Islam. It continues today. Many in my family suffered and died at the hands of the Kurds and Turks in the early days of the twentieth century but I know my co-religionists still endure more than just "dhimmitude" in that region. Christians are still killed and their land taken with impunity. Churches cannot be repaired without a permit from the government. Non-Turks, such as Armenians, Jews and Assyrians must use Turkish family names but can use ethnic first names, if they dare. The murdered Armenian journalist, Hrant Dink (Armenian first name, but family name was shortened from Dinkjian) is an example. Both the Red and the White massacres continue.

Bob K| 7.18.12 @ 11:36AM

It is a very good historical overview of Christianity in the region since the rise of Islam. But it stops short of discussing how many displaced Palestinian Christians like George Habash joined the Muslims in their opposition to the establishment of the nation of Israel.

Stuart Koehl| 7.18.12 @ 11:45AM

In the context of dhimmitude, the various dhimmit could rise and fall from favor and status at the whim of the Muslim overlords. Throughout the 14 centuries since the conquest, the Muslims routinely played off one group of Christians against the others, and the Christians themselves happily joined in the persecution of targeted Christian groups in the hope of currying favor and avoiding persecution themselves.

But one thing remained constant throughout: Jews were at the bottom of the totem pole. Jews were always fair game, always targets for persecution. This jibed nicely with the institutional anti-Judaism of Eastern Christianity (particularly Middle Eastern Christianity, which had to deal with large indigenous Jewish populations in Egypt, Syria-Palestine and Mesopotamia).

In 1948, most outside observers believed that the Arabs would destroy Israel in short order. Many Middle Eastern Christians agreed, and this, combined with their ingrained pattern of behavior, oriented them towards supporting the Arab cause.

Occam's Tool| 7.18.12 @ 11:57AM

George Marshall also believed that Israel would be destroyed in short order. Well, as he himself said, he received a terrible education as a youth.

Dai Alanye | 7.18.12 @ 12:09PM

Prior to the rise of the Arabs, possibly brought about by an earlier incident of global warming, the entire Near and Middle East, Asia Minor, the Caucasus and North Africa were Christian or Jewish. No reason they can't be again.

Stuart Koehl| 7.18.12 @ 12:21PM

Actually, the 7th century was the middle of a cold spell that began in the late third century and continued until the middle of the 10th century. The principal cause of the Arab invasions was the unification of the Arab tribes under Islam, and the imperialistic impulse of Mohammed's faith.

Dai Alanye | 7.18.12 @ 2:45PM

Although most sources date the Medieval Warm Period as starting around 800 or 900, I hold that both the rise of the Arabs and the Norse are tied to warming trends. In the former case, warming damaged conventional agriculture in the Mediterranean, leading to weakening of the dominant Christian nations, thereby allowing a takeover by relatively low-population Arabs.

A similar phenomenon is seen in northern Europe with the rise of the Germanic tribes, followed by the rise of the Norse. Warming allowed population growth and improved economies, leading to military conquest of what were previously stronger societies.

Note that Eric the Red settled Greenland in 982, presumably after significant warming had already occurred.

Stuart Koehl| 7.18.12 @ 5:22PM

Well, the Vikings raided Lindesfarne in 793, which is as close to 9th century as makes no matter.

Occam's Tool| 7.18.12 @ 11:56AM

Well, I pray for Christian survival, and the hope that they may realize that the Jews in Israel would make an awesome ally.

George Habash's view amazes me, consistently, with its stupidity. Thanks again, Stuart, for your analysis.

KennesawJack| 7.18.12 @ 3:13PM

Occam, for the Christians in the region, Israel will be their ONLY ally unless Christians can somehow manage to re-exert their influence in Lebanon. This mess is just beginning to come to a boil. A very long and nasty way to go for any person of truly good will in that region. As an aside, Christians in that region would be very much mistaken if they think they have an ally in the current U. S. regime.

Dimitry_Aleksandrovich| 7.18.12 @ 5:05PM

Israel, like the U.S. and the Wahhabist Saudis and Qataris are supporting regime change in Syria. Therefore they too will have blood on their hands if Assad goes and Syrian Christians, Alawites, Druze and Kurds are left to the mercy of bloodthirsty Wahhabist/Salafist scumbags who are receiving funding, training, arms and intelligence from the US and its allies like Israel.

Stuart Koehl| 7.18.12 @ 5:25PM

Don't drink your own pan-Orthodox bathwater. The Soviet Union is very much to blame for the present situation, having propped up the Baathists in both Syria and Iraq for ages, promoting the civil war in Lebanon which affected the Maronites and all Christian communities in Lebanon.

Dimitry_Aleksandrovich| 7.18.12 @ 9:55PM

Saddam's greatest supporter during the Iraq-Iran war was the U.S. of A Stuart. The Soviet Union doesn't exist anymore, but the USA still does and has become a hyperactive meddler in foreign affairs believing this to be the unipolar world of 1992, but it is not anymore. Not by a longshot. Yes I do believe in pan-Orthodoxy, because we are not Roman Catholics and we are not Protestants and we are increasingly at odds with if not in conflict with the West (the Balkan wars of the 90's). The blame for the current civil war in Syria falls not on Russia, nor on Iran, but on the United States, the U.K., and other European powers who are working hand in hand with bloodthirsty Sunni Islamists (Salafist/Islamists) from Saudi Arabia and Qatar and power hungry Turks like Erdogan.

Dimitry_Aleksandrovich| 7.18.12 @ 12:51PM

If the U.S. and their Saudi/Qatari Wahhabist and Turkish allies succeed in overthrowing Bashar al Assad then the United States and its allies will be responsible for whatever persecution follows for Syria's Christians and other minorities. After the U.S. deposed of Saddam the ancient Assyrian and Chaldean Christian communities of Iraq were ethnically cleansed while American troops secured oil pipelines.

John786| 7.18.12 @ 6:53PM

Prior to the 7th century there were no Arabs in the ME. That just cracks me up. Prior to the 15th century there were no Christians & white people in the Americas . Prior to the germanic invasion of England in the 10 th century there was no Enlgish language... Blah.. Blah.Utter tripe and bullshit analysis. As ususal the one eyed see things through a racist and islophobic eye. It is neocon policies that threaten Christian & Muslims in the ME. I don't deny that there is a real issue here of civil rights but turning this into an anti Arab muslim thing is not going to help.

Dai Alanye | 7.18.12 @ 9:00PM

I don't understand this comment by John 1492. The Germanic invasions of Britain are believed to have begun circa 450. Before that the Angles and Saxons existed on the continent and, of course, spoke English.

With regard to the Arabs, their spread of militant Islam to other peoples -- Syrians, Turks, Kurds, Persians, North Africans and so forth -- has brought about many of the problems we face today.

Stuart Koehl| 7.18.12 @ 9:40PM

The point is, there are no Cornish or Welsh or Breton irredentist movements blowing up busses in London and launching rockets at Bristol to make the English return Britain to the Celts. The Palestinians need to accept facts on the ground and make a life for themselves.

Gary B| 7.19.12 @ 12:19AM

"The Palestinians need to accept facts on the ground and make a life for themselves."

Their leaders would have to take a cut in pay to do that.

Stuart Koehl| 7.19.12 @ 7:32AM

I might also point out that there is a quite active Muslim movement to recapture al-Andaluz, or, as we know it, "Spain". Islam does not recognize the possibility of territory incorporated into the Dar al-Islam reverting to the Dar al-Harb, hence all formerly Muslim lands--the Balkans, large chunks of central Europe, even parts of Italy--must be reincorporated into the Islamic world. That accomplished, the aim of Islam remains unchanged: the entire world must be brought into submission with the will of Allah.

Christianity teaches its adherents that their kingdom is not of this world. Judaism teaches that a small corner of the Middle East has been promised to God's chosen people. Only Islam promises its adherents global temporal supremacy, and this is the root cause of our present problems with Islam.

Dimitry_Aleksandrovich| 7.19.12 @ 1:59AM

Occam I know we're at odds most of the time, but being Jewish you should understand that the heart of the problem facing Arab speaking Christians and other non-Sunni minorities in the region is not Arab nationalism or even Islam in general but the Wahhabist (Salafist) school of Sunni Islam that is the official religion of Saudi Arabia. The Wahhabists want to cleanse the region of all non-Muslims (Christians and Jews), pseudo-Muslims (like Druze, Alawites, etc.) and especially they're old rivals the Shia Muslims. They have no tolerance for non-Muslims and persecute Shia Muslims (Eastern Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, etc.) wherever they are in power and the Shia are not. There is no peace with the Wahhabists. Everywhere on earch where they have infected local Muslims (Bosnia, Kosovo, Chechnya, etc.) with their radical Islamist ideology there is war. You cannot live with the Wahhabists you can only kill them.

Bob K| 7.19.12 @ 11:35AM

The news in this morning's papers about the bombing in Damascus at a meeting of Cabinet ministers and security officials of the Syrian doesn't bode well for a settlement. This seems to be turning, as some predicted, into an existential conflict for the minority Alawites. Here is another view from the other side via Asia Times.

http://atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/NG20Ak02.html

Bob K| 7.19.12 @ 11:36AM

That would be Syrian "government."

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http://spectator.org/archives/2012/07/18/a-new-identity-for-middle-east

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