Perhaps the most arresting way to illustrate the breakdown of
Medicaid is to explain how a 12-year-old Maryland boy died of a
toothache.
Medicaid, the national entitlement program for the poor, is
supposed to ensure that no one suffers without essential health
care for lack of money. But because the program pays doctors and
hospitals only about 60 percent of what they normally charge,
Medicaid patients face grave difficulties obtaining timely and
essential care, and suffer worse health outcomes as a result.
Occasionally, the ensuing tragedies play out in newspapers, as
with this 2007 report from the Washington Post: A
12-year-old Maryland boy named Deamonte Driver complained of a
headache, which ultimately stemmed from an abscessed tooth. His
mother had not noticed the problem, partially because she was
working frantically to find a Maryland dentist to treat her other
son, who had six rotten teeth. But of the approximately 5,500
dentists in the entire state, only about 900 accepted Medicaid.
None of the children received routine dental care. By the time
Deamonte complained, the infection in his tooth had spread to his
brain. He was rushed to Children’s Hospital for emergency surgery
and spent more than two weeks there. Then one night, he called his
mother from his hospital room and told her, “Make sure you pray
before you go to sleep.” In the morning, he was dead.
That’s a dramatic example, yes, but the evidence is more than
just anecdotal. A March 10 commentary in the Wall Street
Journal, titled “Medicaid Is Worse Than No Coverage at All,”
surveys the scientific literature. The article’s author, Scott
Gottlieb of the New York University School of Medicine, writes that
a 2010 study of throat cancer “found that Medicaid patients and
people lacking any health insurance were both 50 percent more
likely to die when compared with privately insured patients.” A
2011 study of heart patients “found that people with Medicaid who
underwent coronary angioplasty were 59 percent more likely to
have…strokes and heart attacks, compared with privately insured
patients. Medicaid patients were also more than twice as likely to
have a major, subsequent heart attack after angioplasty as were
patients who didn’t have any health insurance at all.” A 2010 study
of major surgical procedures “found that being on Medicaid was
associated with the longest length of stay, the most total hospital
costs, and the highest risk of death.”
Finally, Gottlieb adds this:
In all of these studies, the researchers controlled for the
socioeconomic and cultural factors that can negatively influence
the health of poorer patients on Medicaid.
So why do Medicaid patients fare so badly? Payment to providers
has been reduced to literally pennies on each dollar of customary
charges because of sequential rounds of indiscriminate rate cuts….
As a result, doctors often cap how many Medicaid patients they’ll
see in their practices. Meanwhile, patients can’t get timely access
to routine and specialized medical care.
AT THE SAME TIME as it’s performing poorly for patients,
Medicaid is a central component of out-of-control entitlement
spending that threatens to bankrupt the nation.
Under a federal formula, the feds pay for about 60 percent of
program costs, and states pick up the balance. That means
ballooning costs present crises to both levels of government.
On the federal level, President Obama’s budget projects Medicaid
costs will total nearly $4.4 trillion over the next 10 years alone,
with annual costs soaring by 127 percent to nearly $600 billion by
2022. State liabilities run roughly an additional two-thirds more.
The National Association of State Budget Officers reports that
states already spend more on Medicaid than anything else, even K-12
education. Together, federal and state spending for Medicaid will
total more than $800 billion per year by 2019, according to the
federal Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services.
Those numbers reflect an expectation that the Medicaid rolls
will swell. Today the program serves an estimated 60 million
people. Through the genius of Obamacare, that figure could hit 85
million soon and reach nearly 100 million by 2021, according to the
Congressional Budget Office. (The big lie in Washington is that
Obamacare will put millions more on the Medicaid rolls, yet somehow
still reduce the budget deficit.)
BOTH OF THESE PROBLEMS can be solved by extending to Medicaid
the enormously successful 1996 welfare reforms.
To refresh memories: Those reforms dealt with a New Deal-era
program called Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC),
which, like Medicaid, was previously funded through a federal-state
matching formula. The result was that the federal government
effectively paid states to increase spending, because the more they
spent on AFDC, the more federal dollars they received.
The 1996 reform returned to each state its share of federal AFDC
spending, this time as a lump sum. The key was that these block
grants were finite. If a state’s new program cost more, the state
had to pay the extra costs itself. If the state’s program cost
less, it could keep the savings. The reformed program was renamed
Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF).
The reform was opposed bitterly by the liberal welfare
establishment. That view was well expressed by Senator Daniel
Patrick Moynihan, the Urban Institute, and others who predicted
that the reforms would produce a “race to the bottom” among states,
and that within a year a million children would be starving.
But quite to the contrary, the reform was shockingly successful
and exceeded even the predictions of its most ardent supporters.
The old AFDC rolls were reduced by two-thirds nationwide. Success
was even greater in states that most aggressively pushed work for
the able-bodied, as those formerly on the program went to work, or
married someone who worked.
By 2006, total federal and state spending on TANF was down 31
percent in real dollars from AFDC spending in 1995, and down by
more than half of what it would have been under prior trends. At
the same time, because the new program encouraged work, the incomes
of formerly dependent families rose by 25 percent, and poverty
among them plummeted. “[B]y 2000 the poverty rate of black children
was the lowest it had ever been,” reported Ron Haskins of the
Brookings Institution in his book Work Over Welfare.
THE SAME MAGIC could work for Medicaid if Congress replaced
matching funds with fixed, finite block grants. Each state would
then be free to use the money for its own redesigned health care
safety net, in return for work from the able-bodied.
There’s an example in Rhode Island, which in 2009 received a
broad waiver from federal Medicaid requirements in return for a
five-year fixed cap on federal financing. The state turned to
managed care, competitive bidding by health care providers, and
comprehensive case management by private insurers. It shifted more
long-term patients out of nursing homes to home and community
environments.
The Lewin Group, a top health care consulting firm, studied the
reforms and concluded that they were “highly effective in
controlling Medicaid costs” while improving “access to more
appropriate services.” Indeed, the state’s costs were reduced by
nearly 30 percent in the first 18 months alone.
Alternatively, states could use their block grants to provide
vouchers that would help poor residents pay for private health
insurance of their choice. Such vouchers would free the poor from
the Medicaid ghetto and enable them to obtain the same coverage as
the middle class. Among their choices would be Health Savings
Accounts (HSAs), which maximize consumer control over health care
dollars, rather than insurance company control. HSAs, backed up by
catastrophic health insurance policies, provide powerful, proven
incentives for consumers to reduce costs themselves, so as to
preserve future funds.
Like modernized AFDC (TANF), Medicaid vouchers should be subject
to a work requirement for the able-bodied. The Children’s Health
Insurance Program (CHIP), which helps insure kids from
modest-income families that earn too much to qual-ify for Medicaid,
should be rolled into the block grants as well and administered by
the states.
Block grants would provide each state with incentives to adopt
long-overdue changes to reduce health costs, such as tort reform
and the elimination of state-mandated benefits in favor of maximum
consumer choice.
SUCH FUNDAMENTAL entitlement reform is now mainstream within the
Republican Party. Paul Ryan included Medicaid block grants in his
2012 and 2013 budgets, both of which passed the
Republican-controlled House. The CBO calculates Ryan’s reform would
save $810 billion over the first 10 years. Equally important, the
poor would gain the enormous advantages described above.
But the model bill is H.R. 4160, the State Health Flexibility
Act, co-sponsored by, among others, Reps. Todd Rokita (R-Indiana),
Tim Huelskamp (R-Kansas), Paul Broun (R-Georgia), and Jim Jordan
(R-Ohio). It represents the dream legislation of Reagan and his top
welfare policy advisor Robert Carleson, and was developed with
assistance from the Carleson Center for Public Policy. Under the
bill, the federal block grants would not be provided by the
Department of Health and Human Services, but directly by Treasury,
which would prevent the HHS bureaucracy from doing mischief through
interpretive regulation. Moreover, as with the 1996 AFDC
legislation, the block grant funding would be kept flat, rather
than indexed to grow with population and inflation, as in Ryan’s
budget. Consequently, the CBO scores this bill as saving $2
trillion over the first 10 years.
Every GOP presidential candidate endorsed the idea of Medicaid
block grants, including apparent nominee and consequently party
leader Mitt Romney. But Barack Obama and the dead-end Democrats are
fiercely opposed. Obama called Ryan’s Medicaid block grants “the
largest cut to Medicaid that has ever been proposed.” Would it be
accurate to say the 1996 AFDC reforms “cut” welfare by 50 percent?
How can it be rational to oppose reforms that would reduce costs
while providing better care through choice, incentives, and
competition? Opposition would only make sense if you were
ideologically opposed to private, free markets rather than
government and taxpayer dependency.
