The growth of the private land trust movement in the United
States has often been cited as a premier example of Alexis de
Tocqueville’s insight regarding the American genius for forming
voluntary associations to achieve common goals, avoiding both the
perils of hyper-individualism and an intrusive government. When
done properly, these trusts or conservancies typify the best of
what is sometimes
called “free market’ environmentalism.
Land trusts engage in entirely free-market transactions
with willing landowners who are able to sell or donate the
development rights on all or part of their land in return for
compensation or favorable tax treatment. They grant a conservation
easement to the land trust which is responsible for protecting the
easement for generations to come.
Such easements can be for purposes of soil and water
conservation, aesthetics, wildlife corridors or preservation of
rural and agricultural life-or all of the above.
The first land trust was established in 1891 in
Massachusetts, by the landscape architect Charles Eliot, to
preserve 20 acres of woodland. By 1950 there were still only 53
such trusts in 26 states. Today, there are similar trusts or
conservancies in all 50 states, the District of Columbia, and
Puerto Rico.
In 1951, the Nature
Conservancy was incorporated as a nonprofit entity which,
notwithstanding past controversy over some of its transactions,
became the Ohio-class boomer of land trusts both nationally and
internationally. The amazing growth of this institution, warts and
all, has been chronicled by Bill Birchard in his informative
book, Nature’s
Keepers: The Remarkable Story of How the Nature Conservancy
Became the Largest Environmental Organization in the
World (2005). Birchard is a journalist who covers
both management and environmental issues. His book captures the
meteoric growth and growing pains of this major institution of
civil society.
The last 2005 National Land Trust Census, conducted by the
Land Trust Alliance
(LTA), documented the truly remarkable growth of these nonprofit
institutions between 2000 and 2005 and their paramount role in
America’s conservation movement.
That Census, released back in November 30, 2006, revealed
amazing growth in this private-sector movement. Total acres
conserved by local, state, and national trusts doubled to 37
million acres over those five years. According to LTA this was an
area 16 ½ times the size of Yellowstone National Park. Moreover,
the number of land trusts grew to 1,667, a 32 percent increase over
the same period.
At the end of 2011, LTA
released its new 2010 National Land Trust Census for the period
from 2005 to 2010, which covers conservation work right through the
depths of the Great Recession of 2008. Incredibly, the new data
indicate that private land trusts protected 10 million acres over
those five years, totaling 47 million acres-an area the size of
Washington state. Wendy Koch of USA Today
notes that this is a jump of 27 percent since 2005.
The new Census shows that, while the number of land trusts
has stabilized, the number of active volunteers increased by 70
percent since 2005.
The land trust movement is not just buying land. It is
also paying attention to monitoring its investment given its legal,
fiduciary and tax obligations in terms of ongoing stewardship. So
it is encouraging that between 2005 and 2010 trusts more than
doubled the amount of funding they have dedicated to monitoring,
stewardship and legal defense. This was backed up by almost a
tripling of their operating endowments.
This writer is privileged to serve on the board of the
Potomac Conservancy,
which operates in targeted areas in Virginia, Maryland, and West
Virginia with 12,200 acres now under easements. It has established
a Stewardship Endowment just for these purposes. Conservation
requires dedication and long-time horizons which, in turn, require
raising additional private support and contributions.
The strength of the conservancy movement, even amidst
these hard economic times, is edifying both as an indication of the
commitment of many Americans to stewardship and of the health of
the nation’s civil society, private institutions and philanthropic
spirit.
Back in 1835 Tocqueville observed that “Wherever at the
head of some new undertaking you see the government in France, or a
man of rank in England, in the United States you will be sure to
find an association.”
May it ever be so.
