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Feature
Remembering Ireland and Fighting for the Union
The Irish Brigade during the Civil War.
Civil war historians and enthusiasts will argue over the greatest Confederate general, or whether Mary Todd Lincoln was certifiable or just a bit quirky. But when it comes to naming the greatest Union fighting outfit, most will agree it was the Irish Brigade. Comprised of the 63rd, 69th, and 88th New York Infantry Regiments, and eventually the 116th Pennsylvania and the 28th Massachusetts, the Irish Brigade fought in every major battle of the eastern theater of the war, from Bull Run to Appomattox. And they lost more casualties than any other brigade—approximately 4,000. Their courage in battle, sometimes bordering on recklessness, won them the admiration of their Southern foes and made Abraham Lincoln express the wish that he had two or three more Irish Brigades.
Yet in the months leading up to the Civil War, it was an open question whether Irish immigrants in the North would fight for the Union. Everyone from parish priests to the publishers of Irish newspapers was urging the Irish to sit out the war. And they had their reasons. America had not been terribly welcoming to Irish Catholic immigrants. Beginning in the 1830s, when immigration from Ireland became pretty steady, a considerable portion of native-born Protestant Americans came to regard the Irish as a threat. The anti-Irish faction became even more alarmed when, between 1847 and 1851, approximately 848,000 Irish arrived in New York City—163,000 of them in 1851 alone. Samuel F. B. Morse, inventor of the telegraph, joined with prominent New Yorkers to found the Native American Democratic Association, a political organization dedicated to restricting immigration from Ireland, requiring a 21-year waiting period before immigrants could become American citizens, and barring from political office anyone who “recognizes any allegiance or obligation of any description to any foreign prince, potentate or power”—in other words, no political office for anyone who recognized the spiritual authority of the pope.
By the 1850s, the Nativists, or Know-Nothings, as they were called (because members were instructed that when asked about the party’s secret activities they should reply, “I know nothing”), were a well-organized political movement. Their candidates were elected mayors of Boston, Philadelphia, New York, Baltimore, Chicago, New Orleans, and Washington, D.C. They dominated state politics in all the New England states, as well as in Pennsylvania, Indiana, and California. But they did not limit themselves to politics—in cities and towns from Bath, Maine, to Galveston, Texas, Nativist mobs destroyed Catholic churches and institutions and burned down the homes of American Catholics.
A few weeks before the first shot was fired on Fort Sumter, the editors of the New York Times, the leading Republican newspaper in the city at the time, published an editorial linking Catholicism—“popery,” they called it—with slavery as two institutions “incompatible with the spirit of the age, and liberty and civilization.” The editors went on to say that they looked forward to the “speedy destruction” of both.
Anti-Irish, anti-Catholic bigotry was not the only issue. Most of the Irish, especially the Famine Irish, had never done any kind of work but tenant farming. Yet when they arrived in America, the overwhelming majority settled in cities. With no marketable skills, the Irish supported themselves by doing the heavy, dangerous, menial jobs few native-born Americans wanted. The men and boys dug the canals, laid the railroad tracks, and loaded and unloaded cargo on the docks; the women and girls worked as servants or in factories and mills. At the time, the Irish were almost the lowest-paid workers in the United States; the only group that was paid less were free blacks. And that is what worried the Irish: if the Union won the war and Lincoln freed the slaves, they would be competing for jobs with 4 million newly freed men and women who would work for even lower wages than they did.
Two Rebels and an Archbishop
THREE IRISHMEN convinced their fellow immigrants to fight for the Union. John Hughes, archbishop of New York, had been a tenant farmer in the Old Country and a ditchdigger in Maryland until Mother Elizabeth Ann Seton helped him gain admission to Mount St. Mary’s Seminary. Hughes saw the war as an opportunity for the Irish to display their courage as well as their devotion to their new homeland.
More influential among the Irish than the archbishop was Colonel Michael Corcoran, commander of the all-Irish militia regiment, the 69th New York. In fall 1860 Queen Victoria’s eldest son, Edward, Prince of Wales (the future King Edward VII), came to New York—the first visit to America by a member of the British royal family. To honor the prince the city organized a grand military parade. Corcoran refused to lead out the men of the 69th. Corcoran wrote to his superior officer, “I could not in good conscience order out a regiment composed of Irish-born citizens to parade in honor of a sovereign under whose reign Ireland was made a desert and her sons forced into exile.” Corcoran’s refusal made him the darling of Irish immigrants all across the country, but it also earned him a court-martial. His case was still being heard when war broke out. After Corcoran called upon all healthy Irish men to enlist, the charges against him were quashed.
The birth of the Irish Brigade was the brainchild of Captain Thomas Francis Meagher (pronounced “Mar”). In 1848 Meagher attempted to raise a rebel army to drive the English from Ireland. His revolution flopped; Meagher was found guilty of treason and sentenced to exile for life in Tasmania. He escaped to New York where the Irish welcomed him as a national hero. At the Battle of Bull Run in May 1861, Meagher had witnessed the courage of the Irish of the 69th New York, who had covered the retreat of the Union Army; they were among the last Union troops to leave the battlefield, and unlike so many of their comrades who were throwing away their equipment and sprinting up the road to Washington, D.C., the 69th retired in good order. It occurred to Meagher that more Irish would enlist if they knew they could serve with fellow Irishmen, under Corcoran and Meagher, with the guarantee of a Catholic chaplain. In September 1861 Meagher published a broadside calling for Irish recruits, “intelligent, active, steady young men—men of decent character, and with a proper sense of the duties and dangers of the service.” Thousands turned out, and from these Meagher selected 3,000. The Irish Brigade was born.
The brigade’s flag, or colors, was a banner of emerald green silk with a golden harp in the center, a golden sunburst above it, and a spray of golden shamrocks below. Running beneath the harp and shamrocks was a scroll bearing the motto in Gaelic, “Riambh nar druid o sbairn lann,” or “They shall not retreat from the clash of spears.” The brigade was also assigned a chaplain, a 28-year-old Holy Cross Father, William Corby, who came from a little Catholic college in South Bend, Indiana, called Notre Dame.
Some of the officers and enlisted men in the Irish Brigade had military experience, most either from service in the British army or with the Battalion of St. Patrick, which had fought in Italy for Pope Pius IX against Giuseppe Garibaldi. There were also Fenians in the ranks, Irish nationalists who looked upon America’s Civil War as excellent training for a future war to liberate Ireland from English rule. But most of the men of the Irish Brigade were laborers—strong, tough, combative, short on the social niceties, but courageous, and as it turned out, utterly dependable in battle.
First Blood
THE 69th NEW YORK, the regiment around which Meagher built his Irish Brigade, had fought at Bull Run. The full brigade got its first taste of battle in 1862, during General George B. McClellan’s abortive Peninsula Campaign. On July 1, as evening was falling over Malvern Hill, the Irish took their position at the summit. As Confederate forces surged up the slope, the Irish fired volley after volley into their ranks, reloading and firing again so quickly that their guns became too hot to the touch and had to be discarded; they took up fresh weapons from the dead and the wounded.
The Confederates fell back and regrouped for a final charge. In spite of the withering Union fire, some of the Confederates did reach the Union lines. Now the fighting was hand-to-hand, as the men used their muskets as clubs and their bayonets as daggers. Finally, when darkness fell, the Confederates gave up the fight. McClellan had a victory, but all around the summit of Malvern Hill lay dead and dying Irishmen. At Malvern Hill the brigade lost 188 men.
Among the heroes of Malvern Hill was 17-year-old Private Peter Rafferty of the 69th New York. He was struck in the thigh, but refused to leave the field and kept fighting. He was hit twice more—one bullet shattered his jaw, and another sliced through his tongue. Even so, Rafferty continued to fight. He was taken prisoner by the Confederates and confined in the Libby Prison in Richmond. The city was inundated with wounded—doctors had no time to spare for prisoners of war. After days of lying in the prison untreated, Rafferty was nursed at last by the Sisters of Charity, who had left their convent to tend the neglected men. After 65 days in prison, Rafferty was released as part of a prisoner exchange. For his bravery at Malvern Hill, he was awarded the Medal of Honor.
Letter to the Editor View all comments (95) | Leave a comment
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Stuart Koehl| 8.20.11 @ 4:18PM
I beg to difer: the best brigade in the Army of the Potomac was the 1st Brigade of the 1st Division of the 1st Corps, better known as "The Iron Brigade". The only brigade comprised entirely of "Western" regiments in the Army of the Potomac, the brigade was trained to a peak of efficiency by COL (later MGEN) John Gibbon, who outfitted them in the uniform of the regular Army infantry--including the famous black "Hardee hat" in place of the kepi.
They received their baptism of fire at Brawner's Farm during the Second Manassas campaign, duking it out for several hours with no fewer than two divisions of Jackson's Corps, and losing a quarter of its strength in the process. It was then that they began to garner the attention of Lee's Army of Northern Virginia, who dubbed them "The Iron Brigade"--or, more prosaically, "Those black-hat boys".
Their greatest day was 1 July 1863, the first day of the Battle of Gettysburg, when, entering battle directly off their line of march, they engaged Archer's Brigade of Heth's Division at Willoughby Run, then turned and beat back Davis' brigade as it attempted to flank the Union position through an incomplete railway cut. The brigade then conducted a fighting retreat back to seminary ridge, and when driven from the ridge by overwhelming numbers, retired in good order to Cemetery Hill. Despite losing two thirds of its strength in the first day's battle, it was in the thick of the fighting on Cemetery Hill on the second and third days of the battle. Though reduced to a shadow of its former self, the Iron Brigade continued to be the finest brigade in the Army of the Potomac until it was consumed in the holocaust of Grant's overland campaign.
Occam's Tool| 8.21.11 @ 1:03AM
And, as a Minnesotan, Stuart, I beg to differ with you. The finest regiment of all, although it did not have the repuatation of the other two, was the First Minnesota, which was told by Hancock to attack a far superior force to buy him time to set up his defenses. This they did---and suffered the highest casualties of any such unit in the Union ranks of the Civil War. Or, as the Wiki puts it (accurately):
"The men of the 1st Minnesota are most remembered for their actions on July 2, 1863, during the second day's fighting at Gettysburg, where the regiment prevented the Confederates from pushing the Federals off of Cemetery Ridge, a position that was to be crucial in the battle.
Maj. Gen. Winfield S. Hancock, commander of the II Corps, ordered the regiment to assault a much larger enemy force (a brigade commanded by Brig. Gen. Cadmus M. Wilcox) telling Col. William Colvill to take the enemy's colors. The fateful charge bought the time needed while other forces were brought up. During the charge, 215 members of the 262 men who were present at the time became casualties, including the regimental commander, Col. William Colvill, and all but three of his regimental Captains."
None retreated.
massmile | 8.21.11 @ 6:34AM
American history has really been a cesspool of shit, eh? No wonder you don't think we're an exceptional country. Bloody idiot.I am a 26 years old nurse, young and beautiful. Now I am seeking an older gentle man who can give me real love , so i got a username Annababe2011 on---a'ge'l'es's'da'te. C óM---it is the first and best club for y'ounger women and older men, or older women and younger men,to int'eract with each other. Maybe you wanna ch'eck it out or tell your friends.
prudence| 8.29.11 @ 2:29PM
Remove the first m from your name
Stuart Koehl| 8.21.11 @ 7:09AM
No one doubts the gallantry of the 1st Minnesota at Gettysburg. They were called to hold the line against overwhelming odds, and did so. But the 1st Minnesota was a single regiment, and the article spoke of brigades. Moreover, Gettysburg was the one high point in the regiment's service; prior to the battle, while serving bravely, it had no opportunity to distinguish itself. After Gettysburg, it saw no further serious combat, and was mustered out in April 1864--before the start of the Overland Campaign.
My candidate for single best regiment in the Union Army would be the 6th Wisconsin of the Iron Brigade, but in the Civil War, it's really the brigade that served as the fundamental tactical unit, so its logical to assess brigades.
If I had to pick a brigade in Western armies of the North, I think it would be John T. Wilder's Lightning Brigade. Formed in 1863, Wilder mounted his men on mules for mobility, and armed them with seven-shot Spencer rifles, turning them into the first mounted infantry unit capable of out-shooting its straight-leg opponents.
Among its early accomplishments was a ride deep into Confederate territory to seize and hold Hoover Gap until the rest of the army arrived.
In the Chickamaugua campaign, their firepower enabled them to hold Alexanders Bridge on 18 September, preventing the Confederates from flanking the Union army position. On 20 September, the Lightening Brigade counterattacked the victorious Confederates, until ordered to withdraw, covering the retreat of the army to Chattanooga.
Serving in the Atlanta campaign, the March to the Sea, and the final March through the Carolinas, the Lightning Brigade was the outstanding brigade of the Western armies, a unit that pioneered tactics that would shape warfare in the 20th century, whose accomplishments are overshadowed by more famous units in the Army of the Potomac.
Occam's Tool| 8.29.11 @ 9:05PM
Ok Stuart, I give. But I did OK for an MD, eh? Any books on the Lightning Brigade?
Stuart Koehl| 8.30.11 @ 7:02AM
Out of print, but still good: "Wilder's Lightning Brigade and its Spencer Repeaters".
http://www.amazon.com/Wilders-.....9996886417
Cosmo| 8.30.11 @ 3:11AM
There were wars of national unification in Europe at the same time....in Italy and Germany the industrial north invaded and defeated the agrarian south. This indicates that our Civil War was not about slavery. War is mass murder and nobody should be celebrating this...especially Christians.
Stuart Koehl| 8.30.11 @ 7:05AM
No, we were already unified. It was about slavery. It was about other things as well, but without slavery there would have been no irreconcilable issue to divide the states. And, while war is horrible and sinful, courage never is, and ought to be celebrated wherever it is found.
PaleRider1861| 8.30.11 @ 9:55AM
And I particularly like this last line of the above article:
"...and the men of the Irish Brigade were willing to fight to defend those opportunities and preserve that freedom."
Funny thing is, they were willing to preserve their freedom by depriving the Southerners of theirs.
Just love that Yankee spirit!
W| 8.30.11 @ 10:40AM
The South could have easily avoided the war by freeing the slaves. Then the slaves would have had freedom along withe the rest of the southerners.
The South kept insisting from 1789 to 1861 that slavery was necessary and tried to impose it on the new states.
The bottom line is the South wanted to maintain slavery, and that caused the war.
Stuart Koehl| 8.30.11 @ 2:52PM
But the South could not just have "freed the slaves" for the simple reason the "South" did not own the slaves. The slaves were property of Southern plantation owners, whose plantations were mortgaged to the hilt to Northern bankers, and the slaves formed part of the "collateral". So, in order to "free the slaves", someone would have had to compensate the Northern banks for their financial loss, or the plantation owners so that they could pay off their mortgages.
Nothing is as simple as it seems. Ever.
W| 8.30.11 @ 3:51PM
Stuart, I disagree.
I was using the South as a shorthand expression.
Each state government could have passed a law abolishing slavery, as was done in many of the northern states. They could have done it gradually, or at once, but they could have done it. This would have eliminated the divisions and "compromises" such as the Comromise of 1820 and the Kansas Nebraska Act. The southern senators and congressman were always trying to extend slavery to the new states to maintain the balance of power.
Remember the Nortwest Ordinance prohibited slavery in certain areas, even though this was rendered worthless by the Dred Scott decision.
As for the banks, they made loans based on humans as collateral. The borrowers had the responsibility to pay the loans even if the "collateral" was no longer there. Why should the rest have paid the plantation owners, they made loans pledging humans as collateral. Screw them. And if the banks could not collect, screw them. Better that banks and borrowers went bankrupt than 600,000 men die.
Of course, this is all academic, but interesting. We know what happened.
Stuart Koehl| 8.31.11 @ 7:38AM
As I said, nothing is as simple as it seems.
J.C.Eaton| 8.29.11 @ 9:50AM
What a terrific topic and it is equally terrific to see so much interest. As a Badger I must agree with Stuart that for sheer tenacity, courage, aand legend, The Iron Brigade wins first honors. Ist Brigade, 1st Division, 1st Union Corps.The Irish were no less brave but no one gave more than the only all-western Brigade in the Army of the Potomac. For two minor masterpieces on this unit, one written from an academic's perspective and one written from the bullet-riddled [although, miraculouly, he was never hit]perspective of a heroic line officer, "The Iron Brigade," by Alan Nolan and "Service With the Sixth Wisconsin Infantry" are to great places to start. All these guys were amazing...they simply wouldn't quit.
W| 8.20.11 @ 6:45PM
Stuart,
What book(s) do you recommend for Civil War military and political history?
Stuart Koehl| 8.20.11 @ 10:17PM
Gosh, big topic. How do you want to approach it? For the general reader, the finest literary work on the Civil War is still Shelby Foote's 3-Volume history, which as justly been called "an American Iliad". I would definitely begin there.
Occam's Tool| 8.21.11 @ 12:56AM
Yup. Shelby is the way to go. For 1 volume, "The Battle Cry of Freedom," right, Stuart?
Stuart Koehl| 8.21.11 @ 6:42AM
McPherson's book is very good indeed, for a on-volume history.
W| 8.21.11 @ 10:42AM
Stuart,
Thank you.
I should have been more specific. I know there are thousands of books on the war. I received Foote's books as a Christmas present,but have not read them, I will now read it.
I am interested in books on a balanced view of Lincoln. The books range from Lincoln the Tyrant to Lincoln the Saint. I just read "Dred Scott's Revenge" by Judge Andrew Napolitano. He does criticize Linoln, and the government in general, for not attempting negotiations to end slavery without a war, such as occurred in Brazil. I know it is a contentious issue.
W| 8.21.11 @ 10:43AM
We are going to Gettysburg to tour the battle sites.
Stuart Koehl| 8.29.11 @ 7:24AM
Wonderful. The battlefield has been extensively restored, and now looks much more like it did on the afternoon of 3 July 1863 than it did even a decade ago. Check out the new visitor's center, and be sure to pick up "The Complete Gettysburg Guide" by J. David Petruzzi and Stephen Stanley. It has a range of driving and walking tours, incredible maps, excellent explanatory narrative and includes off the beaten trail sights such as the East and South Cavalry Fields, field hospitals, cemeteries and the town itself. I recommend you show up on a weekday, and plan to put in at least two days, to do justice to the battlefield.
W| 8.29.11 @ 3:24PM
Stuart, thanks.
You are our history maven.
What is your opinion of Lincoln, not as a commander, but as a political leader, and whether the war could have been avoided
Stuart Koehl| 8.29.11 @ 4:56PM
I don't think the war could have been avoided, because the South had come to that point of short-term optimism and long-term pessimism that usually makes war unavoidable. That is, the Southern elites really did believe one Southerner was worth a dozen Yankees in battle, and that the martial tradition of the South would crush the shopkeepers and wage slaves of the North; but in the long term they saw themselves receding into economic obscurity that would, eventually, make them unable to resist either emancipation or industrialization. So, war now, with the good possibility of winning, or wait until defeat became a fait accompli. The Japanese talked themselves into the same place in 1941.
Quartermaster| 8.29.11 @ 6:00PM
It could have been avoided. Lincoln is the one that did not allow it to be avoided. The south was within her rights to secede. Most of the north was glad to see her go. Lincoln provided the agitprop with Sumter, by promising not to supply it and withdraw, and sending provision anyway.
In short, Lincoln lied.
Stuart Koehl| 8.30.11 @ 7:07AM
Secession would have meant control of the Mississippi River would have been in the hands of a foreign country, cutting off the Midwest from its principal supply line to the outside world, and the far west from the rest of the Union. I seriously doubt that, under such circumstances, war between the North and the South could have been avoided for long, even if secession had been accepted peacefully.
PaleRider1861| 8.30.11 @ 10:13AM
Mr Koehl, secession meant the entire Confederacy was now a foreign country. To suggest that the South would have prevented trade (and subsequent income) by closing this vital route after the War for Southern Independence came to a successful conclusion, is simply ludicrous, sir.
Just as revisionist historians of our day look back and wrongly assign the primary cause of this war to that of slavery, as if they need this noble cause to justify the outright slaughter of Southern men, women and children as occurred.
More to the point, why was Lincoln so eager to invade the South, and, by his success in battle, forcibly enslave the Southern people?
I believe John Wilkes Boothe answered this question for us all.
Stuart Koehl| 8.30.11 @ 2:55PM
"To suggest that the South would have prevented trade (and subsequent income) by closing this vital route after the War for Southern Independence came to a successful conclusion, is simply ludicrous, sir."
A fundamental rule of strategy is to plan on the basis of capabilities, not intentions. The South could have closed the Mississippi to Northern trade, and therefore the North would have to consider that a credible threat. At the very least, the South could have imposed heavy duties upon Northern cargos moving down the river to New Orleans.
PaleRider1861| 8.30.11 @ 4:14PM
And that would have been sweet justice, Mr. Koehl, because that is exactly what the North was doing with their increasingly high tariffs on southern tobacco and cotton...taxing the hell out of southern goods, then keeping the vast majority of the proceeds up North, depriving the South of the money.
These issues are very similar to the reason why the colonists bolted from England.
My other point you seemed to have overlooked: had the South either won the War, or seceded without provocation, they would have had no reason to block the port from anyone.
My sincere apology to the Booth family for misspelling JW's name in my prior post.
PCC| 8.29.11 @ 8:11AM
Perhaps the best one-volume biography of Lincoln, and almost certainly the most readable, is Stephen Oates' 400 pager, "With Malice Toward None".
PCC| 8.29.11 @ 8:03AM
I'm reading McPherson now for the first time. I'm only up to the late 1850s. So far I'd say his treatment is comprehensive to the point of being a little dense, but it's reasonably well written and worth the effort.
Quartermaster| 8.29.11 @ 5:56PM
If you wish to understand the political aspect of the War of Northern Aggression (a much more accurate name for the war) stay away from McPherson, Davis, and Nevins. It wasn't about slavery, in spite of the deep south ordinances of secession. Those three just grind the easy axes and don't really plumb the depths of the conflict.
wukong| 8.29.11 @ 7:39PM
The reason the South lost the War of Northern Aggression is that we ran out of Irish first.
Stuart Koehl| 8.30.11 @ 7:08AM
So, I guess the blockade did its job, after all.
W| 8.29.11 @ 10:25PM
Quartermaster, what books do you recommend?
Derek Leaberry| 8.29.11 @ 10:00AM
Joseph Glatthaar's "General Lee's Army" is an outstanding addition to the literature.
Stuart Koehl| 8.29.11 @ 4:58PM
The demographic analysis of the volunteers of 1861 is eye opening. It puts paid to the notion that the average Southern soldier had no stake in the slave system. In truth, he may not have owned slaves, but he was usually related to someone who did, or was otherwise dependent on the slave system for his livelihood. Other factors may have contributed to the outbreak of war, but without slavery, I'm pretty sure some peaceful resolution could have been found.
Quartermaster| 8.29.11 @ 6:02PM
And, who did this analysis? Every such "analysis" I've seen in the past hasn't stood scrutiny.
PCC| 8.29.11 @ 8:01PM
QM,
I find it difficult to believe that slavery was not the principle cause of the conflict.
Any chance you could give a summary of the alternative view?
Occam's Tool| 8.29.11 @ 9:27PM
Well, Shelby Foote, for one.
Stuart Koehl| 8.30.11 @ 7:14AM
Glathaar did the research himself, using induction records, tax and probate records and census data. Now, by 1863, after the initial enthusiasm had worn off and the South was getting its manpower through conscription, the proportion of non-slaveholders in the ranks rose to a majority. And that, of course, was one reason for the rise in draft dodging and desertion, particularly among men from areas with significant unionist sentiment, including the Virginia piedmont, parts of Tennessee, the Carolina back country, and northern Texas.
Richard Dowling| 8.20.11 @ 8:53PM
Mr. Craughwell, like most northern historians, immortalizes the Yankee Irish, but barely mentions the Conferedrate Irish (except for the 34th Georgia Infantry) who fought for the Confederacy. The occupied Irish of Great Britain would have better spent studying the insurgency strategy of the South, rather than the overpowering brute strength of the Union Forces. One of the most lopsided victories of the Confederacy occurred during the Battle of Sabine Pass when the 50 members of the Texas Irish of Richard Dowling held off over 5000 Union soldiers and sailors, sinking two gunboats and capturing 200 Union sailors and soldiers.
Stuart Koehl| 8.21.11 @ 7:30AM
Let us not fail to mention Patrick Cleburne, the "Stonewall of the West", possibly the best Confederate divisional commander in any army, and thus possibly the best divisional commander of the war, North or South. Having served in the British army, Cleburne emigrated to the South before the Civil War, volunteered as an enlisted man after Fort Sumter, and rose steadily through the ranks to Major General. He was killed in John Bell Hood's ill-considered frontal assault on Franklin, TN, at the head of his division.
Beyond being a brilliant soldier and tactician, Cleburne was also a long-sighted strategist, who proposed that the South free its slaves in return for military service; his memorandum was so volatile, it was suppressed by Jefferson Davis. Nonetheless, in the waning days of the Confederacy, Davis revived Cleburne's proposal. By then it was too late--the slaves knew they were going to be freed by Union victory. Who knows what would have happened, had Cleburne's proposal been accepted in a timely manner?
Louis Jenkins| 8.21.11 @ 12:48PM
I would have to second Mr. Koehl's motion. Cleburne stands out among them many Irish who fought on either side. What was it he said on his last battle at Franklin? "Let us die like men." The writers say that Cleburne was the Stonewall of the West.
Michael Tomlinson| 8.29.11 @ 8:46AM
Irish commands that fought for independence and a country where they were fully accepted and appreciated -- the Confederate States of America.
•10th Tennessee Infantry Regiment (Sons of Erin)
•1st Irish Battalion
•Company E, 33rd Virginia Infantry Regiment, Stonewall Brigade (Emerald Guards)
•Louisiana Tigers
•McMillan Guards, Company K, 24th Georgia Infantry Regiment
•Jeff Davis Guard, Company F, First Texas Heavy Artillery
•Company I, 8th Alabama Infantry Regiment, Wilcox's Brigade (Emerald Guards)
RCV| 8.29.11 @ 11:32AM
Ironic that, having been slaves to the British, some of my ancestors chose to preserve slavery on others. Tis a shame, indeed.
Le Cracquere| 8.29.11 @ 4:40PM
Funny ... I was going to remark on the irony that escapees from arrogant, exploitative British occupiers should enlist to help impose such an occupation on others.
Occam's Tool| 8.29.11 @ 9:16PM
An interesting point about slavery---when Alabama seceded from the Union, Winston County Alabama seceded from Alabama because they didn't own any slaves. As a matter of fact, my in-law's family story is that my wife's great great etc grandmother, who was the widow of a Union soldier, had one of her horses taken from her by Sherman's Army. She went to see the Commanding General (I don't think Sherman, but who knows), showed him her notification of his death and her pension papers from the Union Army, cussed him out a bit, and got the horse back with the General's compliments.
There were dead from my wife's family on both sides at Franklin, which is an interesting battlefield, about 2 hours North from where I used to live (South of Nashville)---Cullman, AL.
Rob| 8.20.11 @ 9:13PM
What a great article. Thank you; I enjoyed reading it. The support of abolitionists for the Irish cause may also have been a contributing factor in the support of Irish immigrants for the Union war effort. As an example, cf. Frederick Douglass' trip to Ireland in 1845, including his meeting with Irish leader Daniel O'Connell. http://douglassoconnellmemorial.org/
Stuart Koehl| 8.21.11 @ 7:34AM
Actually, throughout the period of the Civil War, and for a long time afterwards, Irish immigrants to the United States were anti-Abolition, and, frankly, blatantly racist (see my comments on the Draft Riots). Blacks and Irish were at the bottom of the heap, and fighting for the same crumbs of bread. Seeing blacks as competitors, Irish immigrants had no love for them, nor for a war that promised both to better the lot of blacks, and spill the blood of a lot of Irishmen.
As I said, most of the Irish who fought for the Union did so because they could not escape conscription. The Irish Brigade, formed early in the War, were all volunteers, and thus represented the minority of Irishmen who supported the war--which, when they signed on, was not a war to free the slaves, but to save the Union. The shift in war aims following Antietam, which also corresponded with the passage of the draft laws, decisively changed Irish immigrant opinion against the war.
Jack in Wi.| 8.20.11 @ 11:19PM
You seem to have forgotten the Draft riots of 1863 in New York. The Irish were digusted with being drafted and the rich men could buy his way out with 300 dollars. Poor Catholics were used as cannon fodder by the rich. They also were disgusted with Lincoln's freeing of the slaves which they figured would be in direct competition for jobs.
Stuart Koehl| 8.21.11 @ 6:51AM
In the North, the Irish fought because that's what the Irish, historically, did. The military might be considered the worst available profession for a respectable white man, but it was just about the best one available to a black man--or an Irishman, both of whom were fighting for the lower rung of the social ladder in the U.S.
In Queen Victoria's army, the Irish accounted for a third of all the troops, far beyond the number in "Irish" regiments; they also accounted for a quarter of the sailors in the Royal Navy. Ireland was a poor and desolate place, and for those who stayed, military service offered food, clothing, a warm bed and a few shillings to send home; in return, Queen Victoria only asked that they travel to the ends of the earth and fight ferocious Africans, Asians and Indians--a good deal.
In the Civil War, of the 2.2. million men who served in the Union army, about 24% were German; 9.5% were black; and 9.1% were Irish. After the enthusiasm of 1861-62 wore off, conscription was the only way the Union could fill the ranks, and the Irish simply lacked the resources to evade its clutches (buying a substitute cost $300). Union agents were sent to Ireland to encourage young men to emigrate; many were enlisted under false pretenses, either in Ireland or on the ship to America, and found themselves in uniform as soon as they stepped off the boat.
On the Confederate side, cut off by the blockade, there was no stream of immigrants on which to draw. But the Irish, Germans and Jews of the South fought with distinction in proportion to their numbers. One group frequently overlooked were the Indians, some 28,000 of whom fought for the South and were highly regarded by their white compatriots. The Cherokee chief Stand Watie, made a Brigadier General in the CSA, commanded both white and Indian troops in the Trans-Mississippi theater and proved a consistent thorn in the side of Union commanders; he was the last Confederate general to surrender in 1865.
RCV| 8.29.11 @ 11:35AM
Stuart - Thanks as always for the fascinating history tidbits. And, while we're on the subject of Gettysburg, we musn't neglect Michael Shaara's brilliant novel -- really a detailed history of the four days of the battle -- "The Killer Angels". Brilliant.
W| 8.29.11 @ 12:01PM
Read Shara's book, very good.
Stuart Koehl| 8.29.11 @ 2:17PM
And, contrary to popular opinion, I find the movie to be a faithful and compelling adaptation of the book.
Occam's Tool| 8.21.11 @ 1:41AM
Boy, Jack, American history has really been a cesspool of shit, eh? No wonder you don't think we're an exceptional country. Bloody idiot.
Stuart Koehl| 8.21.11 @ 7:22AM
Jack's pretty much right on about the Draft Riots, though. The Irish and the blacks were at the bottom rungs of American society, considered inferior to "real" Americans. The Irish in particular were despised for their Roman Catholicism, and signs saying "No N--gers or Irish Need Apply" were common in New York and other cities. Living in the notoriously squalid Five Points slums, the Irish were resentful of the (admittedly unfair) way in which the draft was being administered (aside from the purchase of substitutes, a lot of magistrates saw the draft as a good way to empty the slums of troublemakers), and seeing the war as a struggle to free blacks (their main economic competitors), the Irish in New York (and several other cities) went on a rampage, and specifically targeting black businesses and neighborhoods.
Order was not restored until troops from the Army of the Potomac, fresh from their victory at Gettysburg, were sent to New York to impose martial law. In no mood to coddle draft dodgers, the troops dispersed the mobs with volleys and bayonets, after which a sullen New York City grudgingly complied with the Draft Laws.
More than a few books have been written about the Five Points and the Draft Riots, but only a couple on the integration of the Irish into American society. One of my favorites is called, provocatively, "How the Irish Became White", by Noel Ignatiev (http://astore.amazon.com/theamericansp-20/detail/0415918251.
Pecos Pete| 8.21.11 @ 9:06AM
Without fail, history repeats.
Excellent article and comments.
Clint Brooks| 8.29.11 @ 6:38AM
Whatever outfit obama's relatives were in was the best outfit.
Clint| 8.29.11 @ 7:58PM
You're An Asshat, Bob Grant.
Sean| 8.29.11 @ 7:20AM
In the 1850's the Irish were doing quite well in California politics.
Stuart Koehl| 8.29.11 @ 9:50AM
California during the Gold Rush was open territory--there was no real class or social structure in place, the old Mexican and American settlers having been swamped by the flood of Forty-Niners. In the vacuum the Irish were able to compete on a level playing field, and of course, did well.
PCC| 8.29.11 @ 8:17AM
How do you fellows manage to make online comments on August 20 & 21 when the article doesn't appear on the AmSpec site until August 29?
Stuart Koehl| 8.29.11 @ 9:51AM
It was published prematurely on the 20th (a Saturday), then pulled and republished today. At least, that's the cover story we're using to keep you from finding out about our ability to move through space and time.
PCC| 8.29.11 @ 2:11PM
Ah, so thst's it. Thanks for the explanation.
I thought perhaps you were all members of the Trilateral Commission.
W| 8.29.11 @ 4:05PM
He believed you, Stuart.
Stuart Koehl| 8.29.11 @ 4:59PM
Our secret is safe--for now!
Occam's Tool| 8.29.11 @ 9:19PM
Indeed, Stuart---I do a lot of time travelling when I'm not in my Cave in Barbados taking my turn foiling Ron Paul's efforts to wrest control of the World's Money Supply from my fellow Jews. :)
Louis Jenkins| 8.29.11 @ 8:28AM
It's a snafu on the editor's part. This article has previously appeared on AS.
hardcard| 8.29.11 @ 9:15AM
UP MAYO !!!!!!!!!!!!
JimH| 8.29.11 @ 9:23AM
I wonder if Britain’s support of the South had much influence on the Irish in the north.
Stuart Koehl| 8.29.11 @ 9:53AM
None whatsoever. British support for the South was never unconditional, and never very strong. But for the Irish in the North, it was mainly about the struggle being "a rich man's war and a poor man's fight".
Quartermaster| 8.29.11 @ 6:09PM
That same line was used by my Confederate ancestors. The war was actually caused by money interests in the north running up against free traders in the south. Lincoln was the man of the Northern moneyed interests that could not tolerate a free trading south.
Only Republican at Woodstock| 8.30.11 @ 1:35AM
Why does this make the contribution of the Irish Brigades any less? It was not just the Irish who ended up in the war via conscription. It was just more common for non-Irish to have the money to buy their way out of the draft (which was perfectly legal at the time). Two of my great grandfathers fought in the Irish Brigade, and one spent two years in the Confederate's hellish Libby Prison. Both of them, one officer and one enlisted, joined because they saw slavery as an anathema (and an institution with roots in British colonialism in North America) and saw support of the Union as a critical step to acceptance of the Irish in America. They were far from the only ones with this viewpoint, and the Irish who looked down on Blacks were far from the only whites to do so. Even Lincoln's initial plan was to "repatriate" freed slaves to Africa. Also remember, while it is rarely mentioned, there were Irish police who died protecting Blacks in the New York draft riots.
Stuart Koehl| 8.30.11 @ 7:20AM
The Irish Brigade was pretty much unique among the Irish units of the Union Army, because it was raised from a combination of pre-war militia and early war volunteers.
Now, for reasons having to do with political patronage (an important man could always be bribed with a colonelcy), the Union preferred to raise new volunteer regiments, rather than send replacements to flesh out veteran ones. So, every regiment in the Irish Brigade started out with roughtly 1000 men, but as they did not get any replacements for them, these regiments gradually withered and died.
Their place was taken by regiments filled out with conscripts and substitutes, whose esprit de corps left a bit to be desired (things got a lot worse in 1864-65); the majority of Irish who served did not serve in elite Irish regiments, but in ordinary Union line regiments, and not as enthusiastic volunteers, but as unwilling conscripts; indeed, a large number of them had no idea they had enlisted in the army until they got off the boat from Ireland and were sent to a recruiting depot.
Petronius| 8.29.11 @ 10:38AM
Britain's stake in the War of Northern Invasion revolved around it's cotton trade with southern planters. Follow the $$$. In the 1830's they started shipping raw cotton to Lancashire mills in British bottoms, thus cutting out all the ship owners from Baltimore to Boston. Add to it the fact that there were more millionaires in Mississippi than Manhattan and bingo; slavery became unacceptable because the Yankees weren't getting their cut. Tempers flared in Congress. Southern Senators would not vote for any Navy appropriations for ships with shallow draft for coastal patrols as their ports only levied 10% tariff on landed goods where it was more than twice that in the northeast. The Yankees didn't get their hooks on the wealth of the South, but their anaconda policy and tactics destroyed it.
Stuart Koehl| 8.29.11 @ 2:25PM
However, New York and Boston bankers held the mortgages on many Southern plantations, with slaves being part of the collateral. The North could not have imposed emancipation on the South without bringing about its own financial ruin. The war, however, resulted in such an expansion of the Northern economy that the banks were able to offset their losses by transferring their holdings to government bonds. Of course, after the war, they were able to buy up a lot of Southern property for pennies on the dollar, making the transaction a profitable one, after all.
As for the South, its principal failure was holding onto its cotton at the start of the war, in the hope of bringing Britain in on its side. The Confederate government, however, overlooked that England was in the midst of a recession, which lowered demand for cotton; and had already begun opening an alternative source of supply in Indian cotton. The South should have exported as much cotton as it could before the Union blockade became effective, warehousing it in Europe until the prices rose, and, converting the sales into hard currency, used that both to buy arms and equipment, and to float Confederate government bonds.
In short, by its economic policies, the Confederacy lost the war before the first battle was fought.
Quartermaster| 8.29.11 @ 6:13PM
You speak truth there. I think the South would still have lost the war as it simply was not industrialized. Had the north left the Confederacy alone, the south would most likely have been back, and without the horrific losses sustained by both sides.
Charles| 8.29.11 @ 5:04PM
U know great article, but where is the article for the 250K German Americans who served in the Civil War for the North. Who created the Republican Party and the abolitionist movement? We probably have a great history in this country than any other ethnic group yet we are forgotten. Why is that?
RCV| 8.29.11 @ 5:41PM
Why not write it? That's how articles get published. No one has ever accused us Irish of not being storytellers.
W| 8.29.11 @ 7:32PM
I visited an ancient "Carnegie Library" that has a Civil War room with books, by state, listing the names of all the soldiers who fought. One old courthouse has the names of all the soldiers from the county that died in the war.
It is differen treading the names, ages, and the bits of bio.
W| 8.29.11 @ 8:57PM
"different reading"
Occam's Tool| 8.29.11 @ 9:25PM
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Occam's Tool| 8.29.11 @ 9:21PM
Don't know. But I resent those Germans, in a way---they were VERY, VERY good guys, and their descendants might have prevented WWII by injecting common sense into the German electorate.
Stuart Koehl| 8.30.11 @ 7:24AM
I think I mentioned above that Germans comprised the single largest ethnic group in the Union Army (even larger than indicated, if the majority of "Dutch" on the roles were actually Germans). One of my ancestors fought with the 45th New York, under Franz Sigel in the Shennandoah, then later with Howard's 11th Corps at Chancellorsville and Gettysburg. Apparently he did quite a lot of running--which hides an interesting fact: until the 1870s, the martial reputation of Germans was very low, and the bulk of German immigrants came from very peaceable parts of Germany--like the Rhineland or Bavaria.
One of the more damaging aspects of German unionism was Lincoln's need to appoint important German political figures like Sigel and Steinwehr as major generals, where they almost uniformly proved to be disasters.
Charles| 8.29.11 @ 8:31PM
My comment was more directed to the historical community and the bias against German Americans and their role in the formation of this nation. It is just seems concerted to not tell our story.
Occam's Tool| 8.29.11 @ 9:22PM
Charles, you're right. Geman Americans, especially those good guys in the North in the 1860s, deserve mention.
Dan Mathewson| 8.29.11 @ 8:43PM
Good article. This is probably the first time that I've read all the comments and not one was filled the the sophmoric name calling that fills other AmSpec. article comments. It made for pleasant reading.
Occam's Tool| 8.29.11 @ 9:24PM
Dan---I'm sorry. But Jack and Clint only posted once and I wanted to talk to Stuart instead.
This thread featured Conservatives and not Libertarians. But I'm sorry for the name calling on the other threads.
Charles| 8.29.11 @ 9:36PM
not just hen, but from the formation of the republican party in the midwest. It was German immigrants who helped form the party.
heredress | 8.29.11 @ 11:32PM
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EVEN Louis IV claimed the Irish made the
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---ALLL while obediently hyping Bloomberg's
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