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The NCAA’s Slaves

Southern plantation owners were more enlightened.

About 19 million people are expected to watch the NCAA men’s basketball championship game tonight. For the privilege of broadcasting the tournament, one of the greatest sporting events in the world, CBS has agreed to pay the National Collegiate Athletic Association $6 billion from 2002 through 2013. Each of the schools with a team in the final game will take home a cool million dollars. On top of that, each institution stands to rake in millions upon millions of dollars from sales of licensed products and contracts with sporting goods suppliers. How much of those millions will the athletes get to take home? None. 

The NCAA and its member institutions practice what can best be described as a modern form of slavery. They feed, house (and ostensibly educate) young men and women in exchange for the services of their labor. It is true that these young laborers, whom the NCAA likes to call “student-athletes,” could walk away at any time. But in doing so most of them would forego any chance of working their way up to professional or Olympic status in the sport of their choice. To gain the training and exposure necessary to make it to the next level, most of them must play by the NCAA’s rules. And those rules require athletes to sign over to the NCAA all rights to profit financially from their athletic performances as long as they are students. 

According to the NCAA’s own data, only 1.2 percent of the nation’s more than 16,500 men’s college basketball players will go on to play professionally. There are 65 teams in the men’s basketball tournament. The NCAA allows each Division 1 team 13 scholarships. That makes 845 players, almost all of whom, despite their great talent, will never earn a dime from playing the game basketball — while the NCAA, its member institutions, and the athletic conferences will earn billions from the games those kids play. 

The NCAA insists that it provides these players with something worth more than cash — an education. But the dollar value of the athletic performances these players put on vastly exceeds the value of their scholarships. The NCAA estimates that at a public college or university the average full athletic scholarship is just under $14,000. For out-of-state students, it’s $24,000. At private schools it’s $32,000. 

Using those numbers, consider college basketball’s 2008 national player of the year, UNC senior Tyler Hansbrough. As an out-of-state student, he would have received somewhere around $100,000 in scholarship aid for his four years playing basketball for the University of North Carolina. This year’s Final Four is Hansbrough’s second. How much would his share of television royalties, jersey, poster and T-shirt sales, etc. be if the University of North Carolina, the Atlantic Coast Conference, and the NCAA didn’t keep it all? Certainly more than $100,000. But that is not all Hansbrough forfeits. NCAA rules also forbid him and all other athletes from trading on their own celebrity. 

It is easy to understand why the NCAA would ban professional athletes from playing college sports. Forbidding schools from hiring ringers, as Groucho Marx’s Professor Wagstaff did in the film Horse Feathers, does ensure a form of athletic integrity for the college game. But why does the NCAA ban students from making some money on the side from their admittedly brief celebrity? 

NCAA rules on amateurism allow athletes to hold regular college jobs. Tyler Hansbrough could deliver pizzas and still keep his eligibility. But if he collects “any remuneration for value or utility that the student-athlete may have for the employer because of the publicity, reputation, fame or personal following that he or she has obtained because of athletics ability,” he would be banned from playing college basketball. 

So “student-athletes” may not do a commercial for the local car dealer or endorse Gatorade. That Guitar Hero: Metallica ad with NCAA coaches Roy Williams, Rick Pitino, Bobby Knight, and Coach K dancing in their boxers? Why can’t it feature 2009 Player of the Year Blake Griffin? How would allowing him to endorse a video game make his basketball playing impure? 

It is hard to see how student product endorsements would compromise the integrity of the athletic competitions in which the students participate. Could such contracts corrupt a student? Perhaps. But the NCAA even forbids students from avoiding such potential corruption through self-marketing. 

NCAA Rule 12.4.4 states: “A student-athlete may establish his or her own business, provided the student-athlete’s name, photograph, appearance or athletics reputation are not used to promote the business.” To see why the NCAA might want such a rule, consider that last month the NCAA launched its own photo store on NCAA.com. There, you can buy a picture of your favorite player, and the NCAA doesn’t have to give the student a dime of the profits. If the student had his own website from which he could sell his posters, photos, T-shirts, and trading cards, the NCAA and its member institutions would lose a sizeable portion of revenue. At UNC’s student stores, you can buy a T-shirt with Tyler Hansbrough’s image on the front, or a jersey with his name on the back. And Hansbrough receives none of the profits. 

Even some Southern plantation owners allowed slaves to earn extra cash through self-employment. The NCAA is not so enlightened. 

NCAA and college officials profess great concern over athlete graduation rates. Yet they refuse to make the one change that would guarantee that more “student-athletes” stick around for four years: let the athletes profit from their athletic performances or the fame derived from them. 

The NCAA constitution states: “Student-athletes shall be amateurs in an intercollegiate sport, and their participation should be motivated primarily by education and by the physical, mental and social benefits to be derived. Student participation in intercollegiate athletics is an avocation, and student-athletes should be protected from exploitation by professional and commercial enterprises.” 

The constitution, however, says nothing about exploitation by non-profit enterprises. The NCAA reserves for itself and its member institutions the exclusive right to exploit “student-athletes.” Because, you know, we wouldn’t want the participants in a multi-billion-dollar sporting enterprise to be tainted by that awful thing called profit.

About the Author

Andrew Cline is editorial page editor of the New Hampshire Union Leader. His Twitter ID is @Drewhampshire.

Letter to the Editor View all comments (45) |

Charles S| 4.6.09 @ 8:44AM

Two words why this will never happen: "Title Nine". In order to ensure "equality", universities would have to ensure that each scholarship athlete recieves the same payout...which means that Tyler Hansbrough could only ever hope to make as much as the second-string catcher on the UNC ladies softball team. This would either lead to: a) a reduction in scholarships across the board (for men and women) or b) universities competing for players based on a salary structure...which would make them professional.

This is beyond the disagreement I have with the larger context of your article: whether or not these athletes are in fact "compensated". I would argue that room, board, travel expense, per-diem, 7-day-a-week athletic training to assist launching you into a lucrative profession, tutoring, and a 4 year scholarship worth tens of thousands is indeed "compensation".

You may argue that all of that is a very small percentage of what the universities reap from their efforts, and I wouldn't disagree. But what industry doesn't have large disparities in income? Even the NFL is disparate in that regard...and if you still say you think they should be earning more, I'd re-direct you to my first paragraph.

TennesseeVolunteer| 4.6.09 @ 9:35AM

I am a former athletic director of a Div II institution where schools get almost none of the TV money and most schools in our conference have to subsidize athletic scholarships and salaries, facilities and expenses out of the general university coffers.
Is a kid like Hansborough somewhat cheated, maybe. but what if he gets hurt and keeps his scholarship for four years like my sons roommate from the William and Mary football team?
He never played a down but that school honored their commitment.
It's college sports! Even most of the schools at the top of the food chain don't really make money. given that they have a ton of highly paid employees and fabulous facilities, but very little profit.
Div I athletics has become way too close to pro athletics already with the 'one and done' athletes of college basketball. Frankly, I love any kind of sports and if Div I athletes all went pro, watching the next level of kids on TV would be just fine with me. In fact, maybe some of them would actually make a 10 foot jumper which Michigan State and Connecticut seemed unable to do.
Worrying about the exalted few instead of the vast majority of men and women athletes at Div's I, II, and III, along with the NAIA athletes, is misplaced pity.

C. S. P. Schofield| 4.6.09 @ 10:14AM

A big part of the problem is that college sports programs are, in effect, a feeder program for professional sports ... which, let's ace it, has little or nothing to do with scholarship. In baseball, at least, there is a system of lesser pro-leagues, maintained by the top tams to train and season up and coming players. Basketball, Football, etc. depend on the colleges, and are in that sense freeloaders.

At the same time colleges have a tendency to exploit students in a number of ways. In recent years some attempt has been made to raise the issues of compensation and working conditions for Teaching Assistants and Research Assistants, but so far nothing much has been done. So the Student-Athletes aren't the only ones getting a brisk screwing.

Liz| 4.6.09 @ 10:18AM

My daughter plays Club Lacrosse at a Division I school. These girls not only run the team, but raise money for travel, gear, et al. They practice every day, travel on the weekends to various parts of the country for tournaments, and still manage to carry full academic loads and make Dean's List. They get NO SUPPORT from their school.

College athletics sets the stage for real life. The NCAA is a corporation. If you work for a major corporation in the private sector, you too have to sign a contract saying that anything you invent or create on your job will be owned by the company.

Sports stars to me are the ones who actually see the benefit of getting an education and a degree. Not the ones who are there solely for the adulation and the scouts and to sell their name and products.

As in all societies, there are those who are going to excel and those who are going to be mediocre.
Those who excel will make more money than most of us can fathom, much more than they could have made on endorsements in college. The others will have to figure out what to do with the rest of their lives like those of us who had to pay college tuition, go to class, and graduate without all the benefits that come with a sports scholarship.

My daughter will be much more prepared for the real world than most of these 'superstars.'

AmJam| 9.9.10 @ 11:14AM

It is because your daughter's sport brings no ticket sales, endorcements, royalties, or t.v. ads. The scholarship that your daughter recieved was thanks to the hard work of the men's football and basketball players. Maybe your daughter and her teammates should send them a thank you card.

Eric | 4.6.09 @ 10:23AM

First, there is no such thing as a four year scholarship for student athletes; they have grants-in-aid that are renewed yearly, so there is no real commitment from the school to the player. If you don't develop as expected, if a coaching schange happens and you don't fit in, if you have a falling out with the coach, or if the coach decides that he needs your scholarship for another player you're screwed. The players work on one year option contracts, with the coach holding the option. Don't believe me? Then look at what is happening right now at the University of Kentucky where John Calipari has already started to review the status of several of his players for next season.

Second, it is beyond ridiculous that the NCAA and its member institutions are still singing that same old tune about how much the players recieve for playing at a college or university. When a coach can make nearly $4 million per season, it is not a stretch to believe that money could be found to provide some sort of stipend for the athletes who make it all possible. How about asking Nike, Adidas, Under Armor, Converse, or Reebok to kick a little of the cash they pay to have the players shill for their companies into a fund to benefit the players? Or how about asking the boosters who paid for the Dean Dome or the indoor practice facility at Michigan to donate some of their funds to helping put a little bit of money in the pockets of the players?

Third, it is rare when a school will honor a scholarship to a player out of the goodness of their hearts. Usually it will happen when someone gets horribly injured in front of the entire nation or they have some other publicized problem that the schools will step in honor the scholarship. But the fact is that many schools will part ways with a player that can no longer help them on the field of play as soon as possible, because the well being of the players is secondary to the well being of the program. That's harsh, but true.

One little thing about the article that was wrong: you cannot go into the Carolina bookstore and get a jersey with a player's name on it, only the number. In fact, in many cases if you order a jersey from a supplier like Eastbay you cannot have the name of a current player put on a custom jersey. Only former players are allowed to have their names on jerseys that the NCAA sells.

Personally, I have always thought players deserved some sort of NCAA approved and monitored stipend. If the NCAA would allow that it would not be such an obviously hypocritical organization that gladly takes in billions of dollars from their football and basketball television deals, while prohibiting the very people they are marketing to earn a dime from their own efforts.

JP| 4.6.09 @ 11:05AM

Europe may still offer a third option. It all depends on how much a European pro team is willing to offer a blue chip American HS player. What if Barcelona offers the next LeBron James a 2 year $10 million contract? Will he play for a college team or go for the money? What if the European teams did this for many of the 1st tier US blue chip seniors? While they won't be able to pull down multi-year, multi-million contracts, they would be able to do the 2 things they always dreamt of: playing the game at the pro level, and making quite a bit of money to boot. After a few years in Europe they could be eligable for the NBA Draft.

Trackback| 4.6.09 @ 11:58AM

Illinois sporting goods listings, on Illinois sporting goods listings, links to this page. Here’s an excerpt:

[...] match was just an appetizer for what was to come. Blake, Federer, Hewett, Sareena with matches displaying the best sport has to offer. The broadcast team has been spectacular creating the most arresting tv viewing in any category. [...]

catfeeder| 4.6.09 @ 12:06PM

In 2008 at least one blue-chip high school basketball player decided to play professionally in Europe rather than play college basketball, and as soon as those it becomes known that playing in Europe is no worse than suffering through college, and that guy make the jump to the NBA, I suspect that a goodly number of talented high school players will try the European route. To reply to the article itself, I have a daughter that is on full scholarship for a non-revenue sport at a top university, and for her and for other athletes of non-revenue sports, the situation is the opposite of what is experienced by players like Hansbrough. With the possible exception of coaching, they have no chance to make a living from their sports, so it is great to receive an education from the school in exchange for simply representing the institution on the field. The NCAA is a money-grubbing bureaucracy in regards to the big revenue sports, and the stars of those sports are denied the opportunities that the NCAA takes for itself, but any changes that affect the big names will have virtually no affect on the vast majority of athletes.

The Anglo American Empire| 4.6.09 @ 1:22PM

While you watch the distraction, the government and the Bankers have you distracted. Switch of the TV, and find out what going on in your community it's more important than watching monkies drop a ball in a net.

Wake up people.

Larry C| 4.6.09 @ 2:44PM

I dislike the charade the NCAA has made of collegiate sports, turning the teams into minor leagues. At Mississippi State, they have "Interdisciplinary Studies" for these players, who otherwise would never darken the classroom of a school of higher education.

The NBA and NFL need to pony up a true minor league. However, I seriously doubt they'll do that. Why? Besides the cost, it's shown that the sports where the feeder system is professional minor leagues (baseball and hockey) have strong unions. A player going through the minor leagues is much more saavy about how things are run, instead of the poorly educated college players. Because of this, NFL and NBA screws the players (in relation to what they could be paid).

Tony in Central PA| 4.6.09 @ 2:58PM

For all of the self promotional blather we endure every college sports season from the NCAA and the universities about their committment to the " student - athlete " there are a few things they could do that would really make a big difference. That is, if their athletes are to leave school with something a little more valuable than championship memories.
1) Make freshmen ineligible to compete at the varsity level. This was how it used to be and it worked.
2) Limit and eliminate practice time and off - season committments where they become too much of a full - time job. Examples might include, spring football and summer basketball team trips.
3) Scholarship penalties that actually mean something in terms of punishing schools that don't expect academic effort. This is the hardest sell. The NCAA attempted to do something with the APR system, but I can't see where it has accomplished much. There's no reason that a basketball program that regularly makes it to the NCAA tournament and hasn't graduated a player in years should have the same number of scholarships to offer as a program that expects its athletes to be real students.
None of these are new ideas. The problem isn't solutions, its the lack of will to implement them.

Paul from SA| 4.6.09 @ 3:36PM

The college sports financial system is not perfect, but as they say, "If it's not broke, don't try to fix it." It's not THAT broke is it? Is it the money or academic issues? The NBA, MLB and the NFL are more to blame. I absolutely oppose paying students or allowing them to share university profits.

I agree with much of what Larry and Tony say above.

The single thing that bothers me the most is to listen to some student/athletes speak like 3rd grade children, using limited vocabulary, wrong verb tenses, and repeating stupid words and phrases like, "ya know what I'm sayin?" Often my answer is "No, I don't," because they're pronunciation is so terrible. Vince Young was a good example. Tim Duncan is the opposite. It's not possible to attend 3-4-5 years of college and not learn the basics of the English language. It shouldn't be possible to graduate from high school....

Also recruiting violations should result in much harsher penalties. There should be no tolerance in sports for lying and cheating, i.e. Oklahoma, Indiana, and now UConn. The entire program needs to be shut down for at least one season.

macdaddy| 4.6.09 @ 4:44PM

The real outrage is that these players aren't actually compensated with a free education. They might have the opportunity to get an education if they didn't have over 30 games in a 4 month period, but as it is, whatever degree they do actually receive has to be highly suspect...if they receive a degree at all. You could argue that they are developing their basketball skills for free and that they could use those to earn a living, but an education? No way.

Alan| 4.6.09 @ 5:04PM

The NCAA ruined college sports when it allowed schools to commercialize and sign contracts with companies. It's not amateur sports anymore, it's all about the money boys!!!

Pingback| 4.6.09 @ 7:40PM

The American Spectator : The NCAA's Slaves | InnerFuns.Com links to this page. Here’s an excerpt:

…multi-million contracts, they would be able to do the 2 things they always dreamt of: playing the game at the pro level, and making quite a bit of money to boot Here is the original: The American Spectator : The NCAA's Slaves Posted in Uncategorized | Post a Comment Name (required) E-mail (will not be published) (required) Website Pages About   April 2009 M T W T F S S « Mar       1 2…

wdriver | 4.6.09 @ 8:43PM

It would be better, methinks, if we had 'athletic students' instead of 'student athletes.' Colleges and universities were designed for the education of young people, not for the perpetuation of sports teams and corporations.

ruth| 4.6.09 @ 10:53PM

There's still nothing like a sizzling hot afternoon in October when your favorite college football team takes the field. The 100,000 plus screaming fans, excited alumni and all of the colorfulruth trappings of a beautiful college campus can't be beat! College sports are the best!

ruth| 4.6.09 @ 10:55PM

--colorful trappings-- oops!

s grabe| 4.6.09 @ 11:11PM

As a former Grad student on an assistantship (no tuition fees; teach ~20 hrs of classes) I would argue for the following:
1- Athletes on scholarship are PAID the same as Graduate Students who teach (this is probably arund $10-14k depending upon the University); and--more importantly..
2-Coaches are paid at the same rates as FACULTY (ie, Head Coaches=-Full Professors)

What do you think???

Rob| 4.7.09 @ 1:16AM

S grabe: You make a valid point that athletes are paid much like graduate students--though graduate students, at least in the sciences, tend to get more than 10-14k. I'd also point out that coaches are paid way more at top schools than faculty in any department. You might see maybe one prof with an endowed chair getting mid-6 figures, maybe, at a large research U. A head coach with a decent team can easily demand that.

That said, I'd like to return to your original point and expand upon it. There are many professions where you essentially apprentice for way below market value. Graduate students are one such case--they teach and do research (and research often brings in as much as athletics), but they're paid a fraction of what faculty are (even when they are doing the job of faculty). Medical students have to work as underpaid residents for 3-5 years (at least) after 4 years of medical school before they can earn their full market value. I know someone who wanted to be an agent in Hollywood--she had to intern at a major agency for a year making almost nothing just to get the opportunity to apply for a real job there. We could go on and on about various fields where people are underpaid while learning a trade. To compare college athletes to slaves is preposterous. They're volunteers. They're all out there because they're playing for a shot at the NBA, which is the equivalent of hitting the lottery.
The schools profit off of them, sure, but the schools are giving them an opportunity to sign a 7 figure contract when they leave. That only a very few get that shot is kind of irrelevant. Many graduate students do not land tenured faculty jobs. Most medical students do not match into the most lucrative residencies. It is odd reading this Obama-esque 'it isn't fair' and 'lets spread the wealth' meme being espoused by the Specator. What has gotten into you?

The universities are businesses for all intents and purposes. They offer what amounts to a salary to athletes: paid tuition, room and board, health insurance, a small stipend, etc. Employees are free to choose to work for that employer. If they don't like what the employer is offering they can take their services elsewhere. There is no age limit in Europe and they can go play overseas and get paid better. Free market. There is collusion between the NBA and the NCAA with the age limit rule. But this is also really a minor point since the NBA only has room to take on about 30-40 players every year from college. So what it boils down to is that if you want to play basketball and get paid, you can play in the D-League or go overseas, or you can go play in the NCAA and get a full ride through college. I'm not sure what isn't fair about it.

TomSD| 4.7.09 @ 1:16AM

At the end of the 2008 season Tyler Hansbrough made a decision. He could of opted out of college basketball and turned professional. He made his decision and stayed in college basketball. He had played three years at UNC. He knew what the pay scale was. He wanted to be in college basketball. It was important to him to be in college basketball. He wanted to win the championship he won tonight. Why would you publish this article with him as the prime example on the night that he accomplished his dream. An accomplishment that came at the expense of a years NBA salary.

SuperBatMan| 4.7.09 @ 1:23AM

You're so off base. What are you even arguing for?

Andrew Cline did you play collegiate sports? Are you sad that no pro team gave a shit about you? Yes? Go cry somewhere else.

"It is hard to see how student product endorsements would compromise the integrity of the athletic competitions in which the students participate. Could such contracts corrupt a student? Perhaps. "

You're so fucking naive. I mean honestly? Do you even believe this?

Mike Cross | 4.7.09 @ 11:24AM

Readers might find two articles I've written about the NCAA and amateruism and the Andrew Oliver case of interest.

They can be found at www.ultimatesportsinsider.com

John R| 4.7.09 @ 11:04PM

In 1954, Russell Kirk wrote "..our educational administrators, to escape from the spectacle of their own failure, turn to purposeless aggrandizement, doubled and tripled and quadrupled enrollments, larger staffs, larger salaries, tougher athletic teams, as a means of concealing from the public the gigantic fraud they have put upon the nation.." This article about "college" has done nothing more than validate Kirk's statement. What a pathetic future for our education system.

Pingback| 4.14.09 @ 5:12AM

Misquoting an Ally links to this page. Here’s an excerpt:

…increasing taxes) for charitable giving. Therefore, The One objects to giving money to charities. — Ira M. Kessel Rochester, New York A BAKER’S DOZEN OF REFORMS Re: Andrew Cline’s The NCAA’s Slaves: Here’s a new plan to reform the NCAA: No freshmen play on the varsity… Each school must have try-outs open to all students… No recruiting…. All athletes must meet the academic…

Jason| 4.24.10 @ 11:22AM

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Tulokset kestävät pitkään ja valkaisuaineena toimii karpamiidiperoksiidi. Valkaisua voi tehdä yhdellä kerralla maksimissaan 30 min.

poptropica | 4.9.10 @ 12:06AM

I’ll have a Poptropica full written walkthrough very soon, but in the meantime, here are some answers to some of the frequently asked questions about Mythology Island. Having trouble? Post a question in the comments and I’ll try to answer it!
Getting Hercules to Help You Poptropica

Hercules won’t help you until you have all five items from Zeus’ quest. Once you have the five items, bring them to Athena. Zeus will appear and steal them. The big jerk! Once this happens, talk to Athena and she will tell you that Hercules will help you. You’ll need to have the magic mirror from Aphrodite because Hercules doesn’t want to have to walk. He’s so lazy!
Getting the Hydra Scale Poptropica

You can see how to do this in the videos, but basically you need to jump up when the Hydra is about to strike. He will rear one of his heads back to attack and his eyes will bulge out. Poptropica When this happens, jump up in the air and then try to land on top of his head. That head will get knocked out. When all five heads get knocked out, the Hydra will be asleep and you can click on him to get one of the scales. Poptropica I’ll have a full written walkthrough very soon, but in the meantime, here are some answers to some of the frequently asked questions about Mythology Island. Having trouble? Post a question in the comments and I’ll try to answer it!
Getting Hercules to Help You

Hercules won’t help you until you have all five items from Zeus’ quest. Poptropica Once you have the five items, bring them to Athena. Zeus will appear and steal them. The big jerk! Once this happens, talk to Athena and she will tell you that Hercules will help you.Poptropica. You’ll need to have the magic mirror from Aphrodite because Hercules doesn’t want to have to walk. He’s so lazy!
Getting the Hydra Scale

You can see how to do this in the videos, but basically you need to jump up when the Hydra is about to strike. He will rear one of his heads back to attack and his eyes will bulge out.Poptropica When this happens, jump up in the air and then try to land on top of his head. That head will get knocked out. When all five heads get knocked out, the Hydra will be asleep and you can click on him to get one of the scales. Poptropica

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